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9
. Ibid., pp. 152–53.

10
. Ibid., p. 154.

11
. Ibid., pp. 176–79.

12
. Ibid., pp. 181–82.

13
. Merlin Donald,
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14
. Jerome Bruner,
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(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986), p. 11.

15
. Donald,
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, p. 273.

16
. Ibid.

17
. Ibid., pp. 273–74.

18
. Ibid., p. 335.

19
. Ronald T. Kellogg, “Training Writing Skills: A Cognitive Developmental Perspective,”
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1 (2008): 4–7.

20
. Walter Ong,
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(London: Methuen, 1982), p. 172.

21
. Olson,
The World on Paper
, p. 43.

22
. Ong,
Orality and Literacy
, p. 79.

23
. David Rubin,
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(New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 139.

24
. Michelle Eskrit, Kang Lee, and Merlin Donald, “The Influence of Symbolic Literacy on Memory: Testing Plato's Hypothesis,”
Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology
55 (2001): 41–43.

25
. W. Michael Cox and Richard Alm, “You Are What You Spend,”
New York Times, Sunday Opinion
, February 10, 2008, final edition, p. 14.

26
. Ibid.

27
. Emory H. Woodard IV,
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28
. Ibid., p. 19.

29
. Dorothy G. Singer and Jerome R. Singer,
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30
. Patti M. Valkenburg and Joehen Peter, “Social Consequences of the Internet for Adolescents: A Decade of Research,”
Current Directions in Psychological Science
18 (2009): 1–2.

31
. Nicholas Carr,
The Shallows
(New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2010), p. 6.

32
. Ibid., p. 10.

33
. Maggie Jackson,
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(Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2008), p. 73.

34
. Hee Jeong Yoo et al., “Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Symptoms and Internet Addiction,”
Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
58 (2004): 487–94.

35
. Carl Erik Landhuis, Richie Poulton, David Welch, and Robert John Hancox, “Does Television Viewing Lead to Attention Problems in Adolescence? Results from a Prospective Longitudinal Study,”
Pediatrics
120 (2007): 533–36.

36
. Edward L. Swing, David A. Gentile, Craig A. Anderson, and David A. Walsh, “Television and Video Game Exposure and the Development of Attention Problems,”
Pediatrics
126 (2010): 216–18.

37
. Ibid., p. 220.

38
. Stephen Marche, “The Book That Contains All Books,”
Wall Street Journal
(October 17–18, 2009), p. W9.

39
. Matt Ridley, “Humans: Why They Triumphed,”
Wall Street Journal
(May 22–23, 2010), pp. W1–W2.

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. Don Tapscott and Anthony D. Williams,
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(New York: Portfolio, 2006), p. 9.

41
. Michael Nielsen,
Reinventing Discovery
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012), p. 10.

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