The Mob and the City (47 page)

68
. Pete Pascale, quoted in
An Oral History of Manhattan
, p. 365.

69
. James B. Jacobs with Christopher Panarella and Jay Worthington,
Busting the Mob: United States v. Cosa Nostra
(New York: New York University Press, 1994), p. 20.

70
.
Organized Crime: 25 Years after Valachi: Hearings before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Affairs
, Senate, 100th Cong., 2d Sess. (1988), 236 (testimony of Vincent Cafaro).

71
. Tony Napoli with Charles Messina,
My Father, My Don: A Son's Journey from Organized Crime to Sobriety
(Silver Spring, MD: Beckham Publications, 2002), p. 47.

72
.
Organized Crime: 25 Years after Valachi
, 201 (testimony of Joseph Pistone).

73
. Philip Carlo,
Gaspipe: Confessions of a Mafia Boss
(New York: William Morrow, 2008), pp. 5–7.

74
. Vincent Teresa,
My Life in the Mafia
(New York: Doubleday, 1973), pp. 21, 23.

75
. For background on the
cosche
of Sicily, see James Fentress,
Rebels and Mafiosi, Death in a Sicilian Landscape
(New York: Cornell University Press, 2000), pp. 172–74.

76
. Donald R. Cressey,
Theft of a Nation
(New York: Harper and Row, 1969).

77
. This section uses historical evidence to expand on the insights of criminologist Howard Abadinsky, the first academic to suggest that crime syndicates were like franchises. Howard Abadinsky,
Organized Crime
, 10th ed. (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2013), pp. 7–8.

78
. Roger D. Blair and Francine LaFontaine,
The Economics of Franchising
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), p. 4.

79
. This section expands on the insights of Italian scholar Diego Gambetta, who has written about the role of “criminal trademarks.” Diego Gambetta,
Codes of the Underworld: How Criminals Communicate
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011), pp. 195–229.

80
. Henry Hill, quoted in Nicholas Pileggi,
Wiseguy: Life in a Mafia Family
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1985), pp. 57–58.

81
. Peter Maas,
Serpico
(New York: Viking Press, 1973), p. 156.

82
. Hill, quoted in Pileggi,
Wiseguy
, pp. 56–57.

83
. Michael Franzese,
I'll Make You an Offer You Can't Refuse
(New York: Thomas Nelson, 2009), p. 67; Peter Reuter,
Disorganized Crime: The Economics of the Visible Hand
(Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 1983), pp. 151–72.

84
. Diego Gambetta,
The Sicilian Mafia: The Business of Private Protection
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996), p. 45.

85
. Joseph Pistone,
The Way of the Wiseguy
(Philadelphia: Running Press, 2004), p. 81.

86
. Gambetta,
Sicilian Mafia
, pp. 45–46.

87
. FBI Report, La Cosa Nostra, October 20, 1967, in RG 65 (NARA College Park).

88
. John Roselli, quoted in Ovid Demaris,
The Last Mafioso
(New York: Times Books, 1981), p. 19.

89
.
United States v. James Coonan, et. al.
, 938 F.2d 1533 (2d Cir. 1991).

90
. Anthony Serritella,
Book Joint for Sale: Memoirs of a Bookie
(Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2011), p. 70.

91
.
Organized Crime: 25 Years after Valachi
, 239–40, 301 (testimony of Joseph Valachi); Joseph D. Pistone,
Donnie Brasco
(New York: Signet, 1997), pp. 78–79.

92
. Blair and Lafontaine,
Economics of Franchising
, p. 224.

93
. James Fentress
, Rebels and Mafiosi: Death in a Sicilian Landscape
(New York: Cornell University Press, 2000), p. 177, n. 59.

94
.
Organized Crime: 25 Years after Valachi
, 260 (testimony of Vincent Cafaro).

95
. FBI Memorandum, Top Echelon Criminal Informant Program, March 20, 1962, in FBI FOIA File on Gregory Scarpa Sr. (copy in possession of author).

96
.
Organized Crime: 25 Years after Valachi
, 236 (testimony of Vincent Cafaro); Jimmy Fratianno, cited in Demaris,
Last Mafioso
, p. 4.

97
. Peter Maas,
The Valachi Papers
(New York: Putnam, 1968), p. 201.

98
.
Organized Crime: 25 Years after Valachi
, 236–38 (testimony of Vincent Cafaro).

99
. Gentile,
Vita de Capomafia
, p. 86.

100
. Bonanno,
Man of Honor
, p. 159.

101
. See generally Alvin Toffler,
The Third Wave
(New York: Bantam, 1991).

102
. Timothy J. Gilfoyle,
A Pickpocket's Tale: The Underworld of Nineteenth-Century New York
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2007), p. 186.

103
. Gentile,
Vita de Capomafia
, p. 65.

104
. Mike Dash,
The First Family: Terror, Extortion, Revenge, Murder, and the Birth of the American Mafia
(New York: Ballantine Books, 2010), pp. 34, 97, 142, 183, 251.

105
. Claude S. Fischer,
America Calling: A Social History of the Telephone to 1940
(Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1994), pp. 48–49, 62.

106
. 48 U.S.C. §§ 1103–4 (1934);
Nardone v. United States
, 302 U.S. 379 (1937); Jacobs,
Busting the Mob
, p. 8.

107
. President's Commission on Organized Crime,
Organized Crime and Money Laundering: Record of Hearing II, March 14, 1984, New York, New York
(Washington, DC: GPO, 1985), 59 (testimony of Jimmy Fratianno); Demaris,
Last Mafioso
, p. 376.

108
. Investigative case file on Frank Costello in Box 52 in Kefauver Committee files;
Binghamton Press
, June 14, 1959; Jacobs,
Busting the Mob
, pp. 132, 158–59; Richard A. Posner,
Not a Suicide Pact: The Constitution in a Time of National Emergency
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2006 ), pp. 95–96.

109
. James J. Flink,
The Automobile Age
(Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 1988), pp. 130–31.

110
. Maas,
Valachi Papers
, p. 44.

111
. United States Treasury Department,
Traffic in Opium and other Dangerous Drug for the Year Ended December 31, 1937
(Washington, DC: GPO, 1938), pp. 60–61.

112
. Mark H. Haller, “Bootleggers and American Gambling 1920–1950,” in Commission on the Review of the National Policy Toward Gambling,
Gambling in America: Appendix
(Washington, DC: GPO, 1976), p. 116.

113
. Dennis Griffin,
The Battle for Las Vegas: The Law vs. The Mob
(Las Vegas: Huntington Press, 2006), pp. 4–7.

114
. Shane White, Stephen Garton, Stephen Robertson, and Graham White,
Playing the Numbers: Gambling in Harlem between the Wars
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010), pp. 13, 56, 237.

115
. Francis A. J. Ianni with Elizabeth Reuss-Ianni,
A Family Business: Kinship and Social Control in Organized Crime
(New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1972), pp. 92–96; Harold Lasswell and Jeremiah McKenna,
The Impact of Organized Crime on an Inner City Community
(New York: Policy Sciences Center, 1972); Don Liddick,
The Mob's Daily Number: Organized Crime and the Numbers Gambling Industry
(Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1999), pp. 99–101, 161–63.

116
. White,
Playing the Numbers
, pp. 237–38; FBI Report, Paul Joseph Correale, September 26, 1960, and FBI Report, Crime Conditions, May 15, 1962, both in RG 65 (NARA College Park).

117
. Joseph Bonanno,
Man of Honor
, p. 153.

118
. Bill Bonanno and Gary B. Abromovitz,
The Last Testament of Bill Bonanno: The Final Secrets of a Life in the Mafia
(New York: Harper, 2011), pp. 289–90.

119
. Richard O. Davis and Richard G. Abram,
Betting the Line: Sports Wagering in American Life
(Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2001), pp. 35–36, 41–42, 87.

120
. Reuter,
Disorganized Crime
, pp. 14–40.

121
. John Cummings and Ernest Volkman,
Goombata
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1990), p. 101, cited in Critchley,
Origin of Organized Crime
, pp. 237–38.

122
. See chapter 7.

CHAPTER 3: THE MAFIA REBELLION OF 1928–1931 AND THE FALL OF THE BOSS OF BOSSES

1
. Nick Gentile,
Vita di Capomafia
(Rome: Editori Riuniti,1963), p. 96; Joseph Bonanno with Sergio Lalli,
A Man of Honor: The Autobiography of Joseph Bonanno
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983), p. 87.

2
. For examples of the conventional history of the Castellammarese War, see Selwyn Raab,
Five Families: The Rise, Decline, and Resurgence of America's Most Powerful Mafia Empires
(New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 2005), pp. 22–34; John Davis,
Mafia Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Gambino Crime Family
(New York: HarperCollins, 1993), pp. 36–43. By contrast, in his pioneering historical study of the conflict, David Critchley argues, “The War was predominantly a revolt by several U.S. Families against trends towards the informal consolidation of power that had built up, centered on the
capo di capi
's patronage powers.” David Critchley,
The Origin of Organized Crime in America: The New York City Mafia, 1891–1931
(New York: Routledge, 2009), p. 165. However, Critchley still accepts much of the standard framing of “the Castellammare War of 1930–1931.” David Critchley, “Buster, Maranzano, and the Castellammare War, 1930–1931,”
Global Crime
7, no. 1 (February 2006): 43–78. This book argues, moreover, that short-term ambitions and individual economic motives were more important factors than any revolt against patronage powers.

3
. For more of a social-history approach, which uses census records to show the similarities of the Mafia leaders before and after the “Castellammare War” to rebut the myth of rapid Americanization, see Critchley,
Origin of Organized Crime
, pp. 202–206, 230–31.