The Mob and the City (49 page)

69
.
New York Times
, September 11, 1931;
Public Hearings (no. 4)
, 95 (testimony of Lucchese).

70
. Bonanno,
Man of Honor
, pp. 130, 137;
New York Times
, September 11, 1931.

71
. Girolamo Santuccio, quoted in Maas,
Valachi Papers
, p. 115;
New York Times
, September 11, 1931.

72
. Salvatore Maranzano, quoted in Maas,
Valachi Papers
, p. 115; Salvatore Maranzano, quoted in Gentile,
Vita di Capomafia
, p. 118.

73
.
Organized Crime
, 228 (testimony of Valachi); Girolamo Santuccio and Sam Levine, quoted in Maas,
Valachi Papers
, p. 116.

74
.
New York Times
, September 11, 1931; autopsy of Salvatore Maranzano, September 11, 1931 (NYMA).

75
.
Organized Crime
, 231 (testimony of Valachi).

76
.
Public Hearings (no. 4)
, 98 (testimony of Lucchese);
New York Times
, September 11, 1931; Maas,
Valachi Papers
, p. 116;
Organized Crime
, 224 (testimony of Valachi).

77
. J. Richard Davis, “Things I Couldn't Tell till Now,”
Collier's
(August 5, 1939): 12–13, 43–44.

78
. Nelli,
Business of Crime
, pp. 179–84; Alan Block,
East Side, West Side: Organizing Crime in New York, 1930–1950
(Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1983), pp. 3–9.

79
. Davis,
Mafia Dynasty
, p. 46.

80
. Steven Runciman,
The Sicilian Vespers: A History of the Mediterranean World in the Later Thirteenth Century
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1958), p. 216;
The Godfather
(Paramount, 1972).

81
. Critchley calculates thirteen casualties between May 1930 and April 1931. Critchley, “Castellammare War, 1930–1931,” p. 65. Adding Salvatore D'Aquila (October 1928), Gaetano Reina (February 1930), and Salvatore Maranzano (September 1931), brings the total to sixteen casualties.

82
. Nelli,
Business of Crime
, p. 172.

83
. Gentile,
Vita di Capomafia
, pp. 101, 104.

84
. Bonanno,
Man of Honor
, p. 97.

85
.
Organized Crime
, 194 (Valachi testimony).

86
. Magaddino, quoted in FBI Memorandum, Subject Steve Magaddino, January 24, 1964, RG 65 (NARA College Park).

87
. Raab,
Five Families
, p. 28.

88
. Critchley,
Origin of Organized Crime
, p. 206, citing
New York Times
, March 2, 1930.

89
. Dash,
First Family
, pp. 117, 120.

90
.
New York Times
, September 26, 1931.

91
. Gentile,
Vita di Capomafia
, p. 119.

92
. Ibid.; Bonanno,
Man of Honor
, p. 159.

93
. Ibid., p. 141. Although some sources indicate Ciccio Milano of Cleveland also held a seat, he appears to have been removed shortly afterward. FBI Report, Anti-Racketeering Conspiracy, December 13, 1963 (NARA College Park).

94
.
New York Times
, October 18, 1931.

CHAPTER 4: THE RACKETEER COMETH: HOW THE MOB INFILTRATED LABOR UNIONS

1
. United States Census Bureau,
1920 Federal Population Census
, John Dioguardi, District 152, Manhattan, New York.

2
.
New York Times
, September 2, 1934, January 16, 1979.

3
.
Hearings before the Select Committee on Improper Activities in the Labor or Management Field: Investigation of Improper Activities in the Labor or Management Field: Part 10
, 85th Cong., 2d Sess. (1957), 3618–33 (opening presentation of Robert Kennedy), 3683–3718 (testimony of Lester Washburn).

4
. Daniel Bell,
The End of Ideology: On the Exhaustion of Political Ideas in the Fifties
(New York: Free Press, 1960), p. 129.

5
. Francis A. J. Ianni,
Black Mafia: Ethnic Succession in Organized Crime
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1974), pp. 13–14.

6
. Howard Abadinsky,
Organized Crime
, 9th ed. (New York: Cengage, 2009), pp. 27–35; Jeffrey Scott McIllwain,
Organizing Crime in Chinatown: Race and Racketeering in New York City, 1890–1910
(London: McFarland, 2004), p. 8.

7
. Jay P. Dolan,
The Irish Americans: A History
(New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2010), pp. 110, 301.

8
.
New York Times
, January 2, 1881, January 3, 1893.

9
. Dolan,
Irish Americans
, p. 96.

10
. Julius Drachsler,
Intermarriage in New York City: A Statistical Study of the Amalgamation of European Peoples
(New York: n.p., 1921), p. 44.

11
. Tyler Anbinder,
Five Points: The 19th-Century New York City Neighborhood that Invented Tap Dance, Stole Elections, and Became the World's Most Notorious Slum
(New York: Plume, 2002), pp. 375, 497.

12
.
New York Sun
, November 7, 1912, January 18, 1914; Anbinder,
Five Points
, pp. 284–89.

13
.
New York Times
, December 27, 1925;
Brooklyn Daily Eagle
, January 10, 1926.

14
.
Hearings before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations: Organized Crime and the Illicit Traffic in Narcotics
, Senate, 88th Cong., 1st Sess. (1963), 148, 231 (testimony of Joseph Valachi); FBI Airtel, Harold Konigsberg, August 16, 1965, in Records of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Record Group 65, National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD (hereafter “NARA College Park”).

15
. Report, Re: Casper Holstein, March 12, 1935, in FBI Freedom of Information Act File on Casper Holstein (copy in possession of author).

16
. McIllwain,
Chinatown
, pp. 131–33.

17
. New York State Advisory Committee,
Hometown Plans for the Construction Industry in New York
(New York: n.p., 1972), p. 1; Colin J. Davis, “‘Shape or Fight?’: New York's Black Longshoremen, 1945–1961,”
International Labor and Working-Class History
62, no. 62 (Fall 2002): 143–63.

18
. Frank Lucas with Aliya King,
Original Gangster: The Real Life Story of One of America's Most Notorious Drug Lords
(New York: St. Martin's Press, 2010), p. 106.

19
.
Organized Crime
, 254, 304 (testimony of Valachi); Robert A. Rockaway,
But He Was Good to his Mother: The Lives and Crimes of Jewish Gangsters
(New York: Gefen Publishing, 2000), pp. 24, 46.

20
. Ira Rosenwaike,
Population History of New York City
(Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1972), pp. 93–95.

21
. Hadassa Kosak,
Cultures of Opposition: Jewish Immigrant Workers, New York City, 1881–1905
(Albany: State University of New York Press, 2000), pp. 16–18; Samuel L. Baily,
Immigrants in the Lands of Promise: Italians in Buenos Aires and New York City, 1870 to 1914
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999), pp. 65–66.

22
. Moses Rischin,
The Promised City: New York's Jews, 1870–1914
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977) pp. 59–66; Joshua M. Zeitz,
White Ethnic New York: Jews, Catholics, and the Shaping of Postwar Politics
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007), pp. 19–20, table 3.

23
. Burton Turkus and Sid Feder,
Murder, Inc., the Story of “The Syndicate”
(London: Gollancz, 1951), pp. 28, 110–11.

24
. Nicholas Pileggi,
Wiseguy: Life in a Mafia Family
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1985), pp. 8–9.

25
. Michael Franzese,
Blood Covenant
(New York: Whitaker House, 2003).

26
. Jenna Weissman Joselit,
Our Gang: Jewish Crime and the New York Jewish Community, 1900–1940
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1983), pp. 158–59.

27
. Robert Orsi, “The Religious Boundaries of an Inbetween People: Street Feste and the Problem of the Dark-Skinned ‘Other’ in Italian Harlem, 1920–1990,”
American Quarterly
44, no. 3 (September 1992): 313–47.

28
.
Proceedings of the Subcommittee of the Committee on Immigration of the Senate: Immigration Investigation—Part II
, 51st Cong, 2d Sess. (1892), 55 (testimony of James Buckley); Matthew Frye Jacobson,
Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), p. 56.

29
. Herman Feldman,
Racial Factors in American Industry
(New York: Harper, 1931), pp. 156.

30
. Table 4–1 is based on data and estimates from the following sources: Federal Writers’ Project,
The Italians of New York
(New York: n.p., 1938), pp. 64–67; New York State Department of Labor,
Changing Employment Patterns in New York State, 1950 to 1964
(Albany, NY: n.p., 1966), pp. 5, 13; Charles P. Larrowe,
Shape-Up and Hiring Hall: A Comparison of Hiring Methods and Labor Relations on the New York and Seattle Water Fronts
(Berkeley: University of California, 1955), p. 5. There are no hard statistics for the percentage of Italians among the two thousand garbage workers. John McMahon and Herbert Gamache,
Refuse Collection: Department of Sanitation vs. Private Carting
(New York: n.p., 1970), p. 34. I selected 70 percent as a conservative estimate based on Reuter's observation that virtually all waste haulers were run by Italian families with relatives as employees. Peter Reuter, “The Cartage Industry in New York,” in Michael Tonry and Albert J. Reiss Jr., eds.,
Beyond the Law: Crime in Complex Organizations
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), pp. 154–55. The historian David Critchley has also noted anecdotally the correlation of the Mafia with these workforces.
The Origin of Organized Crime: The New York City Mafia, 1891–1931
(New York: Routledge, 2008), p. 77.

31
. Federal Writers’ Project,
Italians of New York
, pp. 64–66, 70, 72; State of New York,
Provisions of Teamsters’ Union Contracts in New York City
(New York: n.p., 1949), p. 3.