The New Penguin History of the World (240 page)

manufacture,
539

silver

for currency,
92
,
178
,
417

from Spain,
105

mines,
192

from S. America,
643
,
644

Sinai

copper in,
83

focus of dispute,
89

Hebrews in
111

to Egypt,
936

Singapore

Japanese capture of,
978

economic development,
1116

slavery

Babylonian,
62

Egyptian,
81

Greek,
176
–7 helots,
183

critics,
223
,
646

omnipresent in Rome,
254
,
257

under Islam,
343

in early Russia,
369

use by Turks,
375

in India,
423

black African,
559
–60,
668
–70

in W. Indies,
646
,
648

and abolition in USA,
707
–8,
766
,
772
–9,
791

worldwide abolition,
791
–2,
802
,
807

see also
serfdom

slave trade

by Arabs,
417
,
479

by Italians,
515

commercial value,
559
,
560

to W. Indies,
644
,
648
,
662
,
665

growth and effects on Africa,
669
–70

worldwide abolition,
792

Slav peoples

in central Europe and Balkans,
155
,
370
–1

Greek influence,
347
–8

topography and culture,
362
–4

in Russia,
365
,
366

in central Poland,
370

conflict with Teutons,
371
,
528
,
959

and Arab slavers,
417

nationalism,
751
,
872
,
888
–9

Hitler and,
959

Slovenia,
1145

Smith, Adam (1723–90), Scottish economist,
688
,
691
,
699
,
717

and Free Trade,
795

Smuts, Jan Christian (1870–1950), S. African statesman,
1077

Smyrna,
102
,
273

Sobieski, John (1624–96), king of Poland (1674–96),
611
,
612
,
613

socialism

economic theory,
758
–60

Marx and,
760
–1

English paradox,
786

Second International,
867

revisionism,
867
–8

see also
communism; Marxism

social services and welfare

child allowances,
704

British Poor Laws,
784

taxation and,
868

World War I and,
894

British 20th cent.,
1109
,
1112

societies and clubs

intellectual: Acadé mie des Sciences,
676
;

Royal Society,
676
,
682
;

popularity of,
676

political: des Jacobins,
751
;

working-class,
786

secret: Chinese,
452
,
460
,
835
;

freemasons,
676
;

Turkish,
935
;

Arab,
937

society

(i) ancient: stimulated by coordinated efforts,
49
–50; ordered by Hammurabi’s code,
61
–2; in Egypt,
67
–8,
80
–2,
86
; in India,
122
–7; in China,
134
–7,
138
–9,
142
; in Greece,
175
–6,
192
–3; Roman,
230
–1,
252
,
288
,
308
; of Arab empire,
334
–5

(ii) modern: feudal Europe,
418
–21; Hindu practices,
431
–2,
850
,
854
; Church in medieval Europe,
503
; early modern European structure,
562
–9; decline of medieval institutions,
572
; westernization in Russia,
620
–1; racially mixed in S. America,
645
,
672
; effects of missionary activity,
670
; effects of agricultural transplants,
671
; industrial rhythms,
715
; 19th cent. British patterns,
785
–6; Anglo-Indian attitudes,
817
–18,
849
–50; Indian,
998
–9; USA,
1007
,
1098
–9; British 20th cent.,
1109
,
1112
–13; Iran,
1122
–3

Socrates (
c.
469–399
BC
), Athenian philosopher,
198
,
200
,
204

Solomon (
c.
974–
c.
937
BC
), king of Israel,
104
,
113
,
114

Solon (
c.
638–558
BC
), Athenian legislator,
181

Somalia,
1168

Song of Roland
,
505
,
526

Sophocles (495–406
BC
), Greek tragedian,
208
,
210

South Africa

Hottentot fate,
668

European settlement,
768

Boer wars,
807
–9

black peoples,
811

republic of,
1075
,
1077
–81

South America

human immigration,
22
–3,
27

early cultures,
152
–3,
488

European discovery,
333
–4

territorial acquisitions,
641
–7,
799
–800

growth of independent states,
799
–803

natural resources,
803
–4

economy,
1081
–2,
1089
–90,
1090
–1

USA and,
804
–5,
1082
–5,
1087
–8

Cold War and,
1085

20th cent. nationalism,
1088

authoritarian governments,
1089

population,
1088

in 1990s,
1090

left-wing governments
1091

see also
individual states

South-east Asia

earliest agriculture,
32

Dutch in,
636
,
858
–9,
1052

Portuguese trade with,
635

French in,
636
,
857
–8

British in,
828
,
857
,
859

modernization and nationalism,
856
–60,
978
,
985
,
1052

US involvement,
1051

see also
individual states

South Korea,
1118
,
1160

‘South Sea Bubble’,
557

South Yemen,
1121

Soviet Union (USSR)
see
Russia

space, exploration of,
1017
–22,
1094
,
1097

Spain

Roman province,
234
,
236

Vandal state,
293

Visigothic state,
293
,
304
,
307

Umayyad control,
341
–2,
398

Viking raids,
408

in Americas,
485
,
534
,
641
–7,
649
,
799
–800

Arabs expelled from,
505
,
508
,
519
,
525

Reconquest,
508
,
525
,
519
,
583

Catholic monarchy,
583
–5

revolts,
589

war with England,
603
–4

Bourbon monarchy,
607

intellectual lag,
691

US war,
823
,
828
–9

disorders,
866

authoritarian regime,
911

Civil War,
955
,
956

World War II,
961

joins EEC,
1113

Sparta,
102
,
175
,
180

conservative structure,
178
,
182
–3

against Persia,
186

rivalry with Athens,
188
–90

Spectator
, British journal,
568
,
678

spices

from India,
168
,
279

from China,
381

European trade in,
634
,
636

sport

boxing,
94

bull-leaping,
94
,
99

brutality of Roman,
254

early modern brutality,
675

Sputnik
(s),
1018
–19

Stalin (Joseph Vissarionovich Djugashvili (1879–1953),

Russian statesman economic policy,
908

Asian policy,
926
,
981
–2

European policy,
956
–7,
974

World War II strategies,
959
,
966
,
967

nuclear weapons developed by,
972

Middle Eastern policy,
988
death and legacy,
1045
,
1092

de-Stalinization,
1095

statistics

censuses,
550

collection of,
550
,
551

steel,
1006
–7

Steinheim man,
18

Stephen (d.
c.
AD
30), first Christian martyr,
268

Stephen II, pope (752–7),
397
,
412

Stoics

Stoic school of philosophy,
222
–3

in Rome,
251

stone, for tools,
22
,
23
,
29

Stone Age
see
Neolithic era; Palaeolithic era

Stonehenge, megalithic monument,
156
–7

Stuart dynasty in England and Scotland,
586
,
588
,
591
–2,
607

and navy,
660
–1

Sudan,
107
,
151
,
479
,
1131

Mahdi’s war,
793

Suez Canal,
796
,
829
,
933
,
1068

W. trade with Asia and,
820

in World War I,
894

British protection of,
938
,
940
,
941
,
987

Egyptian nationalization of and crisis,
1067
–9

‘suffragette’ movement,
871
see also
women sugar,
1086

Sukarno, Achmed (1901–70), Indonesian statesman,
985
,
1052
–3

Sulla, L. Cornelius (138–78
BC
),
241

Sumer

earliest civilization in,
50
–1

religion in,
50
–1,
53
,
55
–6

legacy of,
53
,
60
–3,
65