The Rise and Fall of Modern Medicine (70 page)

21
.
Judy C. Chang and Yuet Wai Kan, ‘A Sensitive New Prenatal Test
for Sickle Cell Anaemia',
NEJM
, 1982, Vol. 307, pp. 30–31. See also Henry M. Kronenberg, ‘Looking at Genes',
NEJM
, 1982, Vol. 307, pp. 50–2.

22
.
Michael Angastiniotis
et al.
, ‘How Thalassaemia Was Controlled in Cyprus',
World Health Forum
, 1986, Vol. 7, pp. 291–7.

23
.
David J. H. Brock, ‘Prenatal Screening for Cystic Fibrosis: Five Years' Experience Reviewed',
The Lancet
, 1996, Vol. 347, pp. 148–50. See also Editorial, ‘Screening for Cystic Fibrosis',
The Lancet
, 1992, Vol. 340, pp. 209–10; Matthew John Smith, ‘An Evaluation of Population Screening for Carriers of Cystic Fibrosis',
Journal of Public Health Medicine
, 1992, Vol. 14, pp. 257–63; M. E. Mennie
et al.
, ‘Prenatal Screening for Cystic Fibrosis: Psychological Effect on Carriers and Their Partners',
Journal of Medical Genetics
, 1993, Vol. 30, pp. 543–8; John Burn, ‘Screening for Cystic Fibrosis',
Primary Care
, 1993, Vol. 306, pp. 1558–9; Nicholas J. Wald, ‘Couples Screening for Cystic Fibrosis',
The Lancet
, 1991, Vol. 338, pp. 1318–19.

24
.
Reed Edwin Pyeritz, ‘Family History and Genetic Risk Factors',
JAMA
, 1997, Vol. 278, pp. 1284–5. See also Angus Clark, ‘Population Screening for Genetic Susceptibility to Disease',
BMJ
, 1995, Vol. 311, pp. 35–7; Karol Sikora, ‘Genes, Dreams and Cancer',
BMJ
, 1994, Vol. 308, pp. 1217–20.

25
.
Amelia A. Langston, ‘BRCA1 Mutations in a Population-based Sample of Young Women With Breast Cancer',
NEJM
, 1996, Vol. 334, pp. 137–42. See also Francis S. Collins, ‘BRCA1: Lots of Mutations, Lots of Dilemmas',
NEJM
, 1996, Vol. 334, pp. 186–8; Rachel Nowak, ‘Many Mutations May Make Tests Difficult',
Science
, 1994, Vol. 266, p. 1470; Jean Marx, ‘A Second Breast Cancer Susceptibility Gene is Found',
Science
, 1996, Vol. 271, pp. 30–1.

26
.
Peter S. Harper, ‘Genetic Testing, Common Diseases and Health Service Provision',
The Lancet
, 1995, Vol. 346, pp. 1645–6. See also Editorial, ‘Have You Had a Gene Test?',
The Lancet
, 1996, Vol. 347, p. 133; correspondence:
The Lancet
, 1996, Vol. 347, p. 685; Ehsan Masood, ‘Gene Tests: Who Benefits from Risks',
Nature
, 1996, Vol. 379, pp. 389–92.

27
.
R. Michael Blaese, ‘T. Lymphocyte: Directed Gene Therapy for ADA-SCID – Initial Trial Results After Four Years',
Science
, 1995, Vol. 270, pp. 475–9.

28
.
W. French Anderson, ‘Human Gene Therapy',
Science
, 1992, Vol. 256, pp. 808–13. See also Theodore Friedmann, ‘A Brief History of Gene Therapy',
Nature Genetics
, 1992, Vol. 2, pp. 93–8; Manal A. Morsy, ‘Progress Toward Human Gene Therapy',
JAMA
, 1993, Vol. 270, pp. 2338–46; A. Dusty Miller, ‘Human Gene Therapy Comes of Age',
Nature
, 1992, Vol. 357, pp. 455–9.

29
.
Eliot Marshal, ‘Less Hype, More Biology Needed for Gene Therapy',
Science
, 1995, Vol. 270, p. 1751. See also Eliot Marshal, ‘Gene Therapy's Growing Pains',
Science
, 1995, Vol. 269, pp. 1050–5.

30
.
Michael R. Knowles
et al.
, ‘A Controlled Study of Adenoviral-Vector-Mediated Gene Transfer in the Nasal Epithelium of Patients With Cystic Fibrosis',
NEJM
, 1995, Vol. 333, pp. 823–31.

31
.
Jerry R. Mendell, ‘Myoblast Transfer in the Treatment of Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy',
NEJM
, 1995, Vol. 333, pp. 832–8.

32
.
Jeffrey M. Leiden, ‘Gene Therapy: Promise, Pitfalls and Prognosis',
NEJM
, 1995, Vol. 333, pp. 871–3.

33
.
Theodore Friedman, ‘Human Gene Therapy: An Immature Genie But Certainly Out of the Bottle',
Nature Medicine
, 1996, Vol. 2, pp. 144–7.

34
.
Meredith Wadman, ‘Review Panel Cancels Meeting as Gene Therapy Proposals Fall',
Nature
, 1996, Vol. 379, p. 66.

35
.
Peter J. Morris, ‘Pig Transplants Postponed',
BMJ
, 1997, Vol. 314,p. 242.

36
.
Dorothy Nelkin,
The Genome Mystique
(Basingstoke: W. H. Freeman, 1997).

37
.
Ruth Hubbard and R. C. Lewontin, ‘Pitfalls of Genetic Testing',
NEJM
, 1996, Vol. 334, pp. 1192–3.

38
.
R. C. Lewontin, ‘The Dream of the Human Genome',
New York Review of Books
, 28 May 1992.

39
.
David Papermaster, ‘Necessary but Insufficient',
Nature Medicine
, 1995, Vol. 1, pp. 874–5. See also Nicholas Short, ‘A Dose of Molecular Medicine',
Nature
, 1993, Vol. 366, p. 505.

40
.
P. G. H. Gell,
Destiny and the Genes: The Encyclopaedia of Medical Ignorance
, eds R. Duncan and M. Weston-Smith (Kidlington: Pergamon, 1984).

Norman Dennis,
The Invention of Permanent Poverty
(Institute for Economic Affairs, 1997).

Raymond Illsley and Deborah Baker, ‘Contextual Variations and the Meaning of Health Inequality',
Social Science and Medicine
, 1991, Vol. 32, pp. 359–65.

James Le Fanu,
Eat Your Heart Out
(Macmillan, 1987).

Peter Skrabanek and James McCormick,
Follies and Fallacies in Medicine
(Newton Stewart: Tarragon Press, 1989).

Peter Skrabanek,
The Death of Humane Medicine and the Rise of Coercive Healthism
(Social Affairs Unit, 1994).

P. M. Strong, ‘Black on Class and Mortality: Theory, Method and History',
Journal of Public Health Medicine
, 1990, Vol. 12, pp. 168–80.

Aaron Wildavsky,
But is it True?: A Citizen's Guide to Environmental Health and Safety Issues
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995).

1
.
Thomas McKeown,
The Role of Medicine: Dream, Mirage or Nemesis?
(Oxford: Blackwell, 1979).

2
.
Richard Doll and Richard Peto,
The Causes of Cancer
(Oxford: OUP, 1981).

3
.
Samuel S. Epstein and Joel B. Swartz, ‘Fallacies of Lifestyle Cancer Theories',
Nature
, 1981, Vol. 289, pp. 127–9.

4
.
Peter Townsend and Nick Davidson,
The Black Report
(Penguin, 1988).

5
.
Ian Kennedy,
The Unmasking of Medicine
(Allen & Unwin, 1981).

6
.
Simon Szreter, ‘The Importance of Social Intervention in Britain's Mortality Decline',
Social History of Medicine
, 1988, Vol. 1, pp. 1–19. See also Leonard G. Wilson, ‘The Historical Decline of Tuberculosis in Europe and America: Its Causes and Significance',
Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences
, 1990, Vol. 45, pp. 366–96; Johan P. Mackenbach, ‘The Contribution of Medical Care to Mortality Decline: McKeown Revisited',
Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
, 1996, Vol. 49, pp. 1207–13.

7
.
M. Cassidy, ‘Coronary Disease: The Harveian Oration',
The Lancet
, 1946, Vol. 2, pp. 587–90.

8
.
J. W. McNee, ‘The Clinical Syndrome of Thrombosis of the Coronary Arteries',
Quarterly Journal of Medicine
, October 1925, pp. 44–51.

9
.
I. Snapper, ‘Chinese Lessons in Medicine',
Interscience
(New York: n.p., 1941).

10
.
Ancel Keys
et al.
, ‘Mortality and Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Studied for Twenty-three Years',
Archives of Internal Medicine
, 1971, Vol. 128, pp. 201–14. See also Ancel Keys
et al.
, ‘The CVD Research Programme of the Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene: The Journal',
The Lancet
, July 1961, pp. 291–5.

11
.
Ancel Keys
et al.
, ‘Prediction of Serum Cholesterol Responses of Man to Changes in Fat in the Diet',
The Lancet
, 1957, Vol. 2, pp. 959–66.

12
.
Ancel Keys, ‘From Naples to Seven Countries: A Sentimental Journey',
Progress in Biochemical Pharmacology
, 1983, Vol. 19, p. 130.

13
.
Ancel Keys
et al.
, ‘Lessons from Serum Cholesterol Studies in Japan, Hawaii and Los Angeles',
Annals of Internal Medicine
, 1958, pp. 83–93.

14
.
George Pickering, ‘Pathogenesis of Myocardial Infarction',
BMJ
, 29 February 1964, pp. 517–29.

15
.
Irvine H. Page
et al.
, ‘Atherosclerosis and the Fat Content of the Diet',
Circulation
, 1957, Vol. 16, pp. 163–78.

16
.
Jeremiah Stamler
et al.
, ‘Diet and Serum Lipids in Atherosclerotic Coronary Heart Disease',
Medical Clinics of North America
, 1963, Vol. 47, pp. 3–28.

17
.
‘Ad Hoc Committee on Dietary Fat and Atherosclerosis; Dietary Fat and its Relation to Heart Attack and Strokes',
Circulation
, 1961, Vol. 23, pp. 133–6.

18
.
Mr Fit Research Group, ‘Multiple-risk Factor Intervention Trial',
JAMA
, 1982, Vol. 248, pp. 1465–77.

19
.
WHO European Collaborative Group, ‘Multi-factorial Trial in Prevention of Heart Disease Incidence and Mortality Results',
European Heart Journal
, 1983, Vol. 4, pp. 141–7.

20
.
Weldon J. Walker, ‘Coronary Mortality – What is Going on?',
JAMA
, 1974, Vol. 227, pp. 1045–6. See also Reuel Stallones, ‘The Rise and Fall of Ischaemic Heart Disease',
Scientific American
, 1980, Vol. 243, pp. 43–9.

21
.
G. Cannon and C. Walker,
The Food Scandal
(Century, 1984).

22
.
LRC-CPPT, ‘Reduction in Incidence of Coronary Heart Disease',
JAMA
, 1984, Vol. 251, pp. 351–73. See also Editorial, ‘Is Reduction of Blood Cholesterol Effective?',
The Lancet
, 1984, Vol. 1, pp. 317–18; Leon Simons, ‘The Lipid Hypothesis is Proven',
Medical Journal of Australia
, 1984, Vol. 410, pp. 316–17.

23
.
Consensus Conference, ‘Lowering Blood Cholesterol to Prevent Heart Disease',
JAMA
, 1985, Vol. 253, pp. 2080–7. See also ‘Campaign Seeks to Increase US Cholesterol Consciousness',
JAMA
, 1986, Vol. 255, pp. 1097–1102.

24
.
George Davey Smith
et al.
, ‘Should There Be a Moratorium on the Use of Cholesterol-lowering Drugs?',
BMJ
, 1992, Vol. 304, pp. 431–4.

26
.
Valentine Fuster, ‘Aspirin in the Prevention of Coronary Disease',
NEJM
, 1986, Vol. 321, pp. 183–5. See also John A. Mills, ‘Aspirin, the Ageless Remedy',
NEJM
, 1991, Vol. 325, pp. 1303–4; R. Peto
et al.
, ‘Randomised Trial of Prophylactic Daily Aspirin in British Male Doctors',
BMJ
, 1988, Vol. 296, pp. 313–21; Steering Committee Preliminary Report, ‘Findings from the Aspirin Component of the Ongoing Physician's Health Study',
NEJM
, 1988, Vol. 318, pp. 262–4; M. J. Underwood, ‘The Aspirin Papers',
BMJ
, 1994, Vol. 308, pp. 71–2.

27
.
Marcus de Wood
et al.
, ‘Prevalence of Total Coronary Occlusion During the Early Hours of Transmural Myocardial Infarction',
NEJM
, 1980, Vol. 303, pp. 897–902.

28
.
ISIS 2, ‘Randomised Trial of Intravenous Streptokinase, Oral Aspirin, Both or Neither Among 17,187 Cases of Suspected Acute Myocardial Infarction',
The Lancet
, 1988, Vol. 2, pp. 349–59.

29
.
A. Shor
et al.
, ‘Detection of Chlamydia in Coronary Arterial Fatty Streaks and Atheromatous Plaques',
South African Medical Journal
, 1992, Vol. 82, pp. 158–61.

30
.
S. Epstein, ‘The Multiple Mechanisms by which Infection May Contribute to Atherosclerosis Development and Course,'
Circulation Research
, 2002, Vol. 90, pp. 2–4.

31
.
G. M. Mead, ‘Chemotherapy for Solid Tumours: Routine Treatment Not Yet Justified',
BMJ
, 1995, Vol. 310, pp. 146–7. See also Albert S. Braverman, ‘Medical Oncology in the 1990s',
The Lancet
, 1991, Vol. 337, pp. 901–2; John Cairns, ‘Cancer
Chemotherapy',
Science
, 1983, Vol. 220, pp. 252–4.

32
.
John C. Bailar III, ‘The Case for Cancer Prevention',
Journal of the National Cancer Institute
, 1979, Vol. 62, pp. 727–31. See also John Cairns, ‘The Treatment of Diseases and the War Against Cancer',
Scientific American
, 1985, Vol. 253 (5), pp. 31–9; Mary M. Cohen, ‘Are We Losing the War on Cancer?',
Nature
, 1986, Vol. 323, pp. 488–9; N. J. Temple and D. P. Burkitt, ‘The War on Cancer: Failure of Therapy and Research',
JRSM
, 1991, Vol. 84, pp. 95–6; John C. Bailar III and Elaine Smith, ‘Progress Against Cancer?',
NEJM
, 1986, Vol. 315, pp. 1226–32; correspondence:
NEJM
, 1986, Vol. 314, pp. 963–8; Tim Beardsley, ‘A War Not Won',
Scientific American
, 1994, Vol. 1, pp. 118–26.