The Second Shift: Working Families and the Revolution at Home (44 page)

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, October 11, 1982.

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Nonprofit Organizations Engaged in Helping Working Families

Since 2006, this one-million-strong organization has pressed for such causes as fair pay, paid maternity and paternity leave, paid sick days, early care and education, and toxic-free bottles, toys, and home environments.

A national nonprofit founded in 1992, the LPWF partners with labor unions to advocate for family-friendly workplaces and the right of workers to care for themselves and their families.

Since 2002, the organization has worked to raise awareness about “time poverty” in America. Vacations are not, they argue for example, an idle luxury, but crucial to a healthy, civically engaged, environmentally responsible, family-friendly society. They also raise awareness of child “nature-deficit disorder.”

Founded in 2001, this organization works to create a lobby for struggling families that otherwise lack it, to press political candidates to address the urgent need for various child-friendly programs.

Funded in 1966, N.O.W. remains the largest organization in America pressing for women’s rights, including the economic rights of mothers and caregivers, and economic equity.

The Family and Medical Leave Act was written by a member and the organization fought for nine years to enact it. Since 1971, it fought to end discrimination against pregnant workers, to litigate on-the-job sexual harassment, wage discrimination, and child-support enforcement.

Index

advertising, 25

advice books, 26-29, 32

agrarian society, 186-87, 238n

Alcorn, Katrina, 263-64

Alston, Beverly, 144, 146, 149

Alston, Carol

and baby-sitters, 197

and career strategies, 194-95

and child care, 148-52, 156

and cultural pressures, 240

and education, 152-53

family life described, 143-48

and gender strategies, 147, 153-59, 192

and household strategies, 195

Alston, Daryl, 143-47, 148-53, 155-56, 261

Alston, Greg

and child care, 148-52, 261

family life described, 143-48

and fatherhood, 185

and gender strategies, 147, 153-59, 192

and housework sharing, 148-49, 195, 213

and wife’s career sacrifice, 152-53

American Council of Education, 255

Arendell, Terry, 244-45

au pairs, 66.
See also
baby-sitters and day-care workers

baby-sitters and day-care workers

and capitalism, 269

and class issues, 161, 241

and cultural changes, 158, 227-28, 239

interviews of, 5, 25

and the Livingstons, 160-61, 164-72, 227, 228

and men’s gender strategies, 228-30

and the Myersons, 104

and the new man, 178

as second income, 65-66, 72

and the Steins, 121-23

Baranskaya, Natalya, 24-25

Barnett, R. C., 3

Baruch, Grace, 3

Beaumont, Bill, 51-52, 54

Berg, Barbara, 243

Bernard, Jessie, 107

Bianchi, Suzanne, 265-66

blacks, 6, 12n, 14, 23-25, 184, 186, 251.
See also specific individuals

Blades, Joan, 268

blue-collar families, 62, 250.
See also
class, social

Bonds of Womankind
(Cott), 237

Bourdieu, Pierre, 223

Brown, Helen Gurley, 26

Bureau of the Census, 244

Canada, 259-60

Catholicism, 106-7, 108, 162

Changing Times
, 227

Charles, Maria, 289n5

Chicana women, 242-43

children and child care

and the Alstons, 148-52

and child welfare, 266-67

and divorce, 211-12

and fatherhood, 231-34

and gender ideology, 14, 15, 78

and gender roles, 27, 58, 104, 116-17, 158, 181-82, 205-7, 223, 228-31

and gender strategies, 195-96

and housework sharing, 177

latch-key children, 227

and marital tensions, 164-72

and the Myersons, 102, 104, 156, 227

and parenting roles, 225-28

research on, 271-87

shared responsibility for, 20

and the Steins, 117, 123-24

time spent on, 9

and the Winfields, 156-57, 181-85

and women’s careers, 81-88, 90-91, 92, 94, 97-99, 113, 114-15, 136

and workplace pressures, 169-70

Chodorow, Nancy, 155-57

class, social

and baby-sitters, 161, 241

and changes in the workforce, 12n

and corporate hierarchies, 287n4

and the Delacortes, 62-63, 241, 242

and divorce, 88

and economic logic of gender roles, 222-23

and family myths, 19

and fatherhood, 232

and gender ideologies, 188-89

and job types, 136-37

and the Judsons, 130

and marriage trends, 257-58

and men, 62-63

and sleep patterns, 279n2

and traditionalism, 204-5

and women in the workforce, 241-42

and working-mother image, 23

Clinton, Bill, 259

Collins, Dennis, 52

comparison groups, 5, 51-57, 253

corporate hierarchies, 287n4

Cosell, Hilary, 30

Cott, Nancy, 237

Courtney, Olive, 26

Cowen, Carolyn, 233

Cowen, Paul, 125

Cowen, Phil, 233

Cowen, Rachel, 125

cultural pressures

and child care, 158, 227-28, 239

and the Delacortes, 64, 106-7

and divorce, 134

and domestic heritage, 242-43

and education, 107, 114, 152-53

and family myths, 45

and fatherhood, 231

and gender ideologies, 42, 106-7, 250, 252

and the Holts, 52, 57, 64, 240

and homes, 101

and housework sharing, 213-14

and incompetence strategy, 74

and the Judsons, 130

and the Steins, 115-16, 125

and supermom strategy, 22-33

and traditionalism, 65-71

and women’s careers, 23-34, 85-86, 106-10, 180-81, 200, 202-3, 205-7, 239-41, 255-56, 264 (
see also
supermom(s))

Dale, Barbara, 29

Dale, Jim, 29

Delacorte, Carmen

and class issues, 62-63, 241, 242

and cultural pressures, 64, 106-7

and economic pressures, 62-64, 189

and gender ideology, 190

and generational changes, 257

and incompetence strategy, 73-76, 193, 199

and marital tensions, 201, 207

as “new peasantry,” 242

and primary parenting role, 156

and traditionalism, 61-71, 71-73, 204-5

Delacorte, Delia, 66

Delacorte, Frank

and child care, 81

and cultural pressures, 64, 106-7

and economic pressures, 62-64, 189

and incompetence strategy, 73-76, 193, 199

and marital tensions, 201, 207

and second-shift work, 188

and traditionalism, 61-71, 71-73, 204-5

Denmark, 268

divorce, 201-12

and the Alstons, 146

and housework, 207-12

impact on daughters, 257

and interview subjects, 5

and the Judsons, 130, 133-34, 141-42

and the leisure gap, 4

and marriage standards, 168-69

and national priorities, 259

and the Tanagawas, 88-90, 203

and wage inequality, 244-45

and women’s’ entrance into workforce, 12

Divorce: Women and Children Last
(Arendell) 244

domestic help.
See
baby-sitters and day-care workers; housekeepers “Doonesbury” (Trudeau), 200

Eastern Europe, 3

economic pressures.
See also
wages and income

and changes in the workplace, 250-51

and changes in women’s lives, 11-12

and child care, 158, 181-82, 223

and the Delacortes, 62-64, 188-89

and divorce, 210

economic logic of gender roles, 217-24

and gender ideology, 130-31

and gender strategies, 75-76

and the Holts, 8, 38-44, 57, 188, 189, 223

and housework sharing, 215-17

and the Livingstons, 163, 217

and marital tensions, 11, 169-70, 202

marriage as redistribution mechanism, 245-46

and the recession of 2008, 141, 265

and traditionalism, 68-69, 71-72, 204-5

and women’s financial dependence, 140-42

and workplace pressures, 184

Edder, Janet, 227

education

and cultural pressures, 107, 114, 152-53

and economic logic of gender roles, 219-20

and family histories, 57-58

and gender ideology, 152-53

and the Holts, 42-43, 57-58

and Nina Tanagawa, 81

education (
cont.
)

and race issues, 23

and the Shermans, 173, 174-75, 176

and traditionalism, 67

and women’s ambitions, 255

and working mothers, 232

egalitarian gender ideology

and clashing couples, 201

and class issues, 188

and cutting back strategy, 195

and depth of gender ideologies, 14, 15-17

egalitarian essentialism, 289n5

and female helplessness strategy, 73

and housework sharing, 276

and ideological contradictions, 190

and incompetence strategy, 74

and the Judsons, 140

and marital mix of ideologies, 282-83n1

and mismatch of gender ideologies, 58

and second shift participation, 75

and strength of relationships, 215

Ehrenreich, Barbara, 13, 226, 240-41

emotional and mental health

and anxiety, 4, 27, 42, 115, 184

and depression, 47-48, 83, 88-90

emotional absenteeism, 122-23

and fatigue, 50, 84

and stress, 138-39, 167-68, 216, 263

and support strategies, 78-81

English, Deirdre, 226, 240-41

Family and Medical Leave Act, 259

family backgrounds

and the Alstons, 157-58

and the Delacortes, 69

and fatherhood role, 224-25, 234

and gender ideology, 14, 190-91

and the Holts, 47-48, 50-51, 57-58

and housework sharing, 213-15

and the Judsons, 130-31, 132-33, 134

and the Livingstons, 162, 163-64, 172

and the Myersons, 101, 108

and parenting patterns, 155-57

and the Shermans, 173-74

and the Steins, 115-16, 116-17, 125

and the Tanagawas, 88

and traditionalism, 61-62

and the Winfields, 184-85

and women in the workforce, 235

family leave legislation, 259-60

family myths

and comparison groups, 54

described, 18-21

and division of labor, 94, 102

and gender strategies, 19, 45, 127

and incompetence strategy, 75

and the Judsons, 140

and marital tensions, 203-4

strategies to sustain, 47-51

and the Tanagawas, 81, 127-28

upstairs-downstairs myth, 44-46, 48, 54-55, 58-59, 75, 102, 112, 203

and workplace pressures, 180

fatherhood

and academic achievement of children, 285-86n7

limiting idea of, 224-25

research on, 231-34

and the stalled gender revolution, 263

third stage of, 185-87

and the Winfields, 181-85

feminism

and the Alstons, 144

and the Delacortes, 64, 65, 68, 75