The Second Shift: Working Families and the Revolution at Home (45 page)

and the Holts, 47-48, 54, 58, 59, 75

and sexual strategies, 43-44

and the Shermans, 179

Fernandez, Alicia, 230

Fey, Tina, 264

Finland, 268

Finley, Shawn Dickinson, xxiii-xxiv

Ford, Betty, 68

For Her Own Good
(Ehrenreich and English), 226, 240-41

France, 208, 268

Furstenberg, Frank, 244

gay couples, 5, 52

gender ideologies.
See also
egalitarian gender ideology; traditional gender ideology; transitional gender ideology

and changes in the workplace, 250-51

and child care, 8, 78, 108, 148-49

and comparison groups, 58

contradictions in, 15-16

and coping with feelings, 190-92

and cultural pressures, 42, 106-7, 252

and “deep ideologies,” 14

and the Delacortes, 61-71, 71-73, 73-76, 193, 199, 205

described, 15-17

and disparities in second shift work, 14

and economy of gratitude, 18

and education, 152-53

and family myths, 19, 45, 127

and fatherhood, 224-25, 231-34

and gender strategies, 17-18

and the Holts, 16, 40-42, 45, 54, 58, 190

and housework sharing, 183, 276

and incompetence strategy, 74-76, 76

and the Judsons, 132-42

and marital tensions, 201-2

and play styles, 151-52

responsibility for home life, 8

and the Tanagawas, 87

and traditionalism, 65-71

and women’s careers, 84-85, 99, 112-13

gender strategies.
See also
superdad(s); supermom(s)

and the Alstons, 147, 153-59, 192

and careers, 126-27, 194-95

cutting back on housework, 195-96

described, 17-18

direct approaches, 192-93

and domestic help, 196-97

and Enlightenment ideas, 258

and gender ideology, 192

and incompetence, 72-73, 73-76, 193, 199, 205

indirect approaches, 193

and the Judsons, 132-42, 195, 198, 257

men’s strategies, 197-200

and national priorities, 259

origin of term, 280n2

and roles in marriage, 3

and the Steins, 125-26

and the Tanagawas, 78-81, 112, 125, 147, 194, 198-200, 252

and women’s careers, 112-14

General Social Survey, 289n5

generational changes, 12, 21, 40-41, 172, 256, 264-65

Germany, 208, 259-60, 268

Goode, William, 207-8

Good Morning, Merry Sunshine
(Greene), 31

government policy, 259-61

gratitude

an gender ideology, 18

and comparison groups, 53-54

and the Delacortes, 64

gratitude (
cont.
)

and gender strategies, 153, 157-59, 200

and marital tensions, 202, 204

and the Myersons, 118-19

and the Shermans, 180

and the Steins, 118-19, 128

and the Tanagawas, 84-86, 118

Great Recession of 2008, 141, 265

Greene, Bob, 31-32

Greene, Susan, 31

Grusky, David, 289n5

Hartmann, Heidi, 245

Hatch, Diane, 210

Having It All
(Brown), 26, 28

Hayden, Dolores, 12, 260

The Hearts of Men
(Ehrenreich), 13

helplessness strategy, 72-73, 73-76, 193, 199, 205

Hite, Shere, 13

hobbies, 100-104, 105, 147, 197, 214-15

Hochschild, Adam, xv

Hochschild, David, xi-xii, xv

Hochschild, Gabriel, xv

Hoffman, Lois, 232

Holt, Evan

and changes in the workplace, 250

and child care, 156, 254

and comparison of responsibilities, 51-57

daily routines, 34-38

and economic logic of gender roles, 223

and family myths, 19, 127

and gender ideology, 16, 40-42, 45, 54, 58, 190

and gender strategies, 125, 198, 199

and housework sharing, 38-44, 44-51, 103, 173, 188, 189

and leisure time, 38, 49-50, 55, 56, 197, 214-15

and marital tensions, 11, 201, 207

and repercussions of second shift, 8

sacrifices of, 180

and upstairs-downstairs myth, 44-46, 48, 54-55, 57-60, 75, 102, 112, 203

Holt, Joey

and family myths, 47-51

and the Holt’s marriage dynamic, 34-39, 43, 46, 51, 55-57, 60, 75, 223, 235

and repercussions of second shift, 8

Holt, Nancy

and career strategies, 194

and changes in the workplace, 250

and comparison groups, 51-57

and cultural pressures, 52, 57, 64, 240

daily routines, 34-38

and divorce, 209-10

and economic logic of gender roles, 223

and family myths, 19, 127

and feminism, 47-48, 54, 58, 59, 75

and gender ideology, 16, 40-42, 58, 190

and gender strategies, xxiv, 192, 198

and generational changes, 235, 256-57

and housework, 38-44, 44-51, 103, 109, 188, 252

and marital tensions, 11, 57-60, 201, 207, 246-47

and resentment, 253

and supermom strategy, 32-33

and upstairs-downstairs myth, 44-46, 48, 54-55, 58-59, 75, 102, 112, 203

and workplace pressures, 249

Home Economics Movement, 241

Horner, Matina, 249

household incomes, 25

housekeepers

and cultural pressures, 25

and the Delacortes, 66

and gender strategies, 196-97

and the Myersons, 104

and the Shermans, 178-79

and the Steins, 116-17, 121-23

and supermom stereotype, 1

and women’s careers, 82, 83

housekeeping standards, 26

housewives, 4, 77-78, 221-22, 239-40, 249

housework.
See also
second shift

and the Alstons, 148-49, 195, 213

and conflicting pressures, 105-6

direct approaches to, 192-93

and divorce, 207-12

and gender equity, 13, 48-49

and gender roles, 26-27

and the Holts, 38-44, 44-51, 103, 109, 252

and the Livingstons, 162-63, 214

men’s participation in, xvi-xvii, 7-9, 289n6 (
see also specific individuals
)

research on, 271-78

time spent on, xvi, xxiv, 3-4, 9

and traditionalism, 72

and the Winfields, 183

and women’s careers, 87

housing costs, 12

Huber, Joan, 210-11

Huffington Post
, 263

Hughes, Gwendolyn, 251

illness

and career pressures, 167-68

and fatigue, 84, 193

and gender strategies, 73-74

and sleep deprivation, 263

ulcers, 132

income.
See
wages and income

incompetence strategy, 72-73, 73-76, 193, 199, 205

industrial economy, 11-12, 235-39, 259

Italy, 259-60

Japan, 260

Judson, Anita

career of, 235, 237

and changes in the workplace, 250

divorce, 130, 133-34, 141-42, 261

and economic pressures, 189

family life described, 129-32

and gender strategies, 132-42, 195, 257

and generational changes, 235

and marital tensions, 11

and second shift work, 188

separation, 208

Judson, Eric, 129, 130, 261

Judson, Ray

and changes in the workplace, 250

divorce, 130, 133-34, 141-42, 261

and economic pressures, 189

and family background, 190-91

family life described, 129-32, 134-40

and gender strategies, 142, 198

and housework sharing, 173, 215

and marital tensions, 11, 203

and second shift work, 188

separation, 208

work day described, 137-38

Judson, Ruby, 129, 133, 139, 261

Juster, F. T., 21

Kaplan, Elaine, 4, 24

Karasak, Robert, 138

Kessler, Ronald, 208

Kuttner, Bob, 222-23

Lasch, Christopher, 250-51

latch-key children, 227

leisure time

and divorce rates, 4

and economic logic of gender roles, 217

and family myths, 20

and gender differences in the workplace, 138-39

and hobbies, 99-104, 105, 147, 197, 214-15

and the Holts, 38, 49-50, 55, 56, 197, 214-15

and housework sharing, 217

leisure gap, 265-66

and the Steins, 118-19, 123

and support for women, 247

and wage gaps, 130, 277-78

lesbian couples, 5, 52

Levinger, George, 211

Livingston, Barbara

and child care, 160-61, 164-72

family life described, 160-64

and gender ideology, 191

marriage counseling, 208

separation, 261

and supermom strategy, 162, 194

Livingston, Cary, 160-64, 164-72, 191, 228, 261

Livingston, John

and child care, 160-61, 164-72, 227, 228

and economic logic of gender roles, 163, 217

family life described, 160-64

and gender ideology, 191

and gender strategies, 197

and housework sharing, 162-63, 214

marriage counseling, 208 separation, 261

Machung, Anne, 4, 19, 255, 258

MacIntyre, Duncan, 23

maids.
See
housekeepers

manhood ideology.
See also
gender ideologies

and career environment, 113

and child-care standards, 225

and class issues, 189

and cultural change, 250, 252

and gender ideology, 15

and gender strategies, 157-58

and the Holts, 45, 54

and household participation, 12

and the Judsons, 140

and money, 130-31, 237

and nurturance, 119

and the Shermans, 180

and the Steins, 125

and the Tanagawas, 78, 85

and third stage of fatherhood, 186-87

marital tensions, 11, 164-72, 201-12.
See also
divorce

Marx, Karl, 237

matriarchal families, 23-24

McRae, James, 208

Megatrends
(Naisbitt), 261

men, 213-34.
See also specific individuals

child care done by, 9, 215, 219-21, 224-25, 225-28, 231-34, 254, 2244

and class issues, 62-63

comparisons between, 51-57

and control of their own time, 9, 281n1

cooperation strategies of, 43, 49-50, 98

and decline of domestic culture, 242-43

earnings of, xxiv, 215-17, 217-24, 237, 244-45, 247-49, 277-78

and economic development in US, 11-12

fathers and upbringing of, 213-15

and gender ideologies, 15-17

and history of American fatherhood, 185-87

housework done by, xvi-xvii, 7-9, 289n6 (
see also specific individuals
)

minority, 63

needs-reduction strategy of, 199, 252

and “new man,” 29, 30-32, 181, 186

resentment toward, from wives, 253

resistance strategies of, 199, 252

“substitute offerings” of, 49, 199

token chores of, 49

young, 256-58

Milkie, Melissa, 265-66

Mixed Blessings
(Cowen), 125

MomsRising, 268

Mothers in Industry
(Hughes), 251

Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 23, 24

Myerson, Ann

and career pressures, 106-10, 194

and child care, 156, 227

and class issues, 241, 242

and conflicts over housework, 105-6, 147

and cultural pressures, 239-40

and devaluation of time, 253-54

and economic logic of gender roles, 217

family life described, 96-99

and family myth, 99-104

and gender ideology, 188-89, 191

and gender strategies, 200, 253

and leisure gap, 197

and marital tensions, 203

as “new peasantry,” 242

and workplace pressures, 96-99

Myerson, Elizabeth, 97, 100, 102-4, 108-9

Myerson, Nora, 97, 100

Myerson, Robert

and divorce, 203

and family myth, 99-104

and gender ideology, 188-89, 190, 191

and housework sharing, 105-6, 147

and leisure time, 197

and marital tensions, 195

and second shift work, 188

and value of career, 106-8

and weekly routines, 97-98

Naisbitt, John, 261

Nash, John, 187

National Academy of Sciences, 232

National Children’s Survey, 244

National Telework Week, 268

The Negro Family: The Case for National Action
(report), 23

Netherlands, 268

“new man,” 29, 30-32, 181, 186

New York Times Magazine
, 22-23, 227

Norway, 260, 267

O’Malley, Tom, 209-10

parenting.
See also
children and child care; fatherhood

and the Alstons, 148-52

emotional support strategy, 79

and gender roles, 8

and gender strategies, 155, 195-96

and the Myersons, 102

single parenthood, 133, 230, 248-49

and the Steins, 117

and step parents, 184-85

and workplace pressures, 178-80

part-time employment, 2, 266

Pasquera, Beatrice, 242

paternity leave, 261

patriarchal families, 205-7, 246, 252

peasantry, 238n, 241

personnel policies, 91-95

Pillsbury, Susan, 193

Pleck, Joseph, 208, 221-22

Radin, Norma, 232-33

Raley, Sara, 265-66

Reagan, Nancy, 66

Redesigning the American Dream
(Hayden), 12, 260

The Remembered Gate
(Berg), 243

The Reproduction of Mothering
(Chodorow), 155-57

Robinson, J. P., 139

Sagi, Abraham, 233

salaries.
See
wages and income

Sanchez, Consuela, 241

second shift.
See also entries for specific activities such as housework.

and changing roles, 192-93

and child care, 159, 195-96

and cutting back at work, 194-95

and cutting back on domestic responsibilities, 195-96