The Secret Thoughts of Successful Women: Why Capable People Suffer from the Impostor Syndrome and How to Thrive in Spite of It (32 page)

BOOK: The Secret Thoughts of Successful Women: Why Capable People Suffer from the Impostor Syndrome and How to Thrive in Spite of It
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[3]
It’s Not All in Your Head

1.
Janet K. Swim and Lawrence J. Sana, “He’s Skilled, She’s Lucky: A Meta-Analysis of Observers’ Attributions for Women’s and Men’s Successes and Failures,”
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
22 (1996): 507.

2.
“Equality Not Taken for Granted,”
Nature
390 (November 13, 1997): 204.

3.
Christine Wenneras and Agnes Wold, “Nepotism and Sexism in Peer-Review,”
Nature
387 (May 22, 1997): 341–43.

4.
Claudia Goldin and Cecilia Rouse, “Orchestrating Impartiality: The Impact of ‘Blind’ Auditions on Female Musicians,”
American Economic Review
90, no. 4 (September 2000): 715–41.

5.
Geoff Potvin et al., “Unraveling Bias from Student Evaluations of Their High School Science Teacher,”
Science Education
93 (2009): 827–45,
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/sce.20332/abstract
.

6.
Rhea Steinpreis, Katie A. Anders, and Dawn Ritzke, “The Impact of Gender on the Review of Curriculum Vitae of Job Applicants and Tenure Candidates: A National Empirical Study,”
Sex Roles
41 (1999): 509–28.

7.
Victoria L. Brescoll and Eric Luis Uhlmann, “Can an Angry Woman Get Ahead?
Gender, Status Conferral, and Workplace Emotion Expression,”
Psychological Science
19 (March 2008): 268–75.

8.
www.copyblogger.com/James_chartrand_underpants
.

9.
Eleanor E. Maccoby and Carol Jacklin,
The Psychology of Sex Difference
(Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1974).

10.
Jacqueline J. Madhok, “The Effect of Gender Composition on Group Interaction,”
Locating Power: Proceedings of the Second Berkeley Women and Language Conference
, ed. Kira Hall, Mary Bucholtz, and Birch Moonwomon, vol. 2 (Berkeley, Calif: Berkeley Women and Language Group, University of California, 1992): 371–86.

11.
Caroline Simord et al., “Climbing the Technical Ladder: Obstacles and Solutions of Mid-Level Women in Technology” survey of 1,795 technical men and women at seven high-technology companies in the Silicon Valley region (Michelle R. Clayton Institute for Gender Research, Stanford University/Anita Borg Institute for Women and Technology, 2008).

12.
Linda J. Sax and Alexander W. Astin,
The Gender Gap in College: Maximizing the Development Potential of Women and Men
(San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2008).

13.
Joan Biskupic, “Ginsburg: The Court Needs Another Woman: Panel’s Lack of Diversity Wears on Female Justice,”
USA Today
, May 6, 2009: 1.

14.
Dave Barry, “Why Men Can’t Help It,”
Miami Herald
, November 23, 2003.

15.
Rita Hardiman and Bailey Jackson, “Conceptual Foundations for Social Justice Education,” in
Teaching for Diversity and Social Justice
, ed. Maurianne Adams, Lee Anne Bell, and Pat Griffin, 2d ed. (New York: Routledge, 2007).

16.
K. M. Hayes and S. F. Davis, “Interpersonal Flexibility, Type A individuals, and the Impostor Phenomenon,”
Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society
31 (1993): 323–25.

17.
Deborah Tannen, “Power of Talk: Who Gets Heard and Why,”
Harvard Business Review
, September 1, 1995.

18.
Claude M. Steele and Joshua Aronson, “Stereotype Threat and the Intellectual Test Performance of African Americans,”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
69, no. 5 (1995): 797–811.

19.
Jennifer Steele and Nalini Ambady, “ ‘Math Is Hard!’ The Effect of Gender Priming on Women’s Attitudes,”
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
42, no. 4 (2006): 428–36; and Ilan Dar-Nimrod and Steven J. Heine, “Exposure to Scientific Theories Affects Women’s Math Performance,”
Science
314, no. 5798 (October 20, 2006): 435.

20.
Mary C. Murphy, Claude M. Steele, and Janes J. Gross, “Signaling Threat: How Situational Cues Affect Women in Math, Science, and Engineering Settings,”
Psychological Science
18, no. 10 (2007): 878–85.

21.
P. G. Davies, S. J. Spencer, and C. M. Steele, “Clearing the Air: Identity Safety Moderates the Effects of Stereotype Threat on Women’s Leadership Aspirations,”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
88, no. 2 (2005): 276–87.

22.
Sabine C. Koch, Stephanie M. Müller, and Monika Sieverding, “Women and Computers: Effects of Stereotype Threat on Attribution of Failure,”
Computers & Education
51, no. 4 (December 2008): 1795.

23.
P. G. Davies et al., “Consuming Images: How Television Commercials That Elicit Stereotype Threat Can Restrain Women Academically and Professionally,”
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
28, no. 12 (2002): 1615–28.

24.
Claude M. Steele and Joshua Aronson, “Stereotype Threat and the Intellectual Test Performance of African-Americans,”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
69, no. 5 (November 1995): 797–811.

25.
Jean-Claude Croizet and Theresa Claire, “Extending the Concept of Stereotype to Social Class: The Intellectual Underperformance of Students from Low Socioeconomic Backgrounds,”
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
24, no. 6 (June 1995): 588–94.

26.
Anne M. Koenig and Alice H. Eagly, “Stereotype Threat in Men on a Test of Social Sensitivity,”
Sex Roles
52, nos. 7–8 (2008): 489–96.

27.
Jeff Stone et al., “Stereotype Threat Effects on Black and White Athletic Performance,”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
77, no. 6 (1999): 1213–27.

28.
Margaret Shih, Todd L. Pittinsky, and Nalini Ambady, “Stereotype Susceptibility: Identity Salience and Shifts in Quantitative Performance,”
Psychological Science
10
(1999): 80–83; and Margaret Shih, Todd L. Pittinsky, and Amy Trahan, “Domain-Specific Effects of Stereotypes on Performance,”
Self and Identity
5: 1–14.

29.
“The Supergirl Dilemma: Girls Grapple with the Mounting Pressure of Expectations,” nationwide survey of school-age children conducted for Girls Inc. by Harris Interactive, 2006.

30.
Judith Warner, “Women in Charge, Women Who Charge,”
New York Times
op-ed, June 5, 2008.

31.
Adrienne Rich,
Of Women Born
, reissue (New York: W. W. Norton, 1995).

   
[4]
Hiding Out

1.
Pauline Rose Clance and Suzanne Imes, “The Imposter Phenomenon in High Achieving Women: Dynamics and Therapeutic Intervention,”
Psychotherapy Theory, Research and Practice
15, no. 3 (Fall 1978): 1-8; Clance et al., “Impostor Phenomenon in an Interpersonal/Social Context: Origins and Treatment,”
Women & Therapy
16, no. 4 (1995): 79–96.

2.
Ellyn Spragins,
What I Know Now: Letters to My Younger Self
(New York: Crown Archetype, 2006).

3.
Donovan Webster, “The Eliot Spitzer Question: Are You an Impostor? Why Do Some Successful Men Self-destruct When They Reach the Top? Are They Phony, Hypomanic, or Just Plain Scared?”
Best Life
, August 2008.

4.
Gerald Weinstein,
Education of the Self: A Trainers Manual
(Amherst, Mass.: Mandala Press, 1976).

5.
Julie K. Norem,
The Positive Power of Negative Thinking: Using Pessimism to Harness Your Anxiety and Perform at Your Peak
(New York: Basic Books, 2003); and Susan Pinker, “Feeling Like a Fraud,”
Globe and Mail
, June 2, 2004: C1.

   
[5]
What Do Luck, Timing, Connections, and Personality
Really
Have to Do with Success?

1.
Marlo Thomas and Friends,
The Right Words at the Right Time
(New York: Atria Books, 2002), 5.

2.
Michael E. Raynor, Mumtaz Ahmed, and Andrew D. Henderson, “A Random Search for Excellence: Why ‘Great Company’ Research Delivers Fables and Not Facts,” Deloitte Development 2009.

3.
Robin Roberts,
From the Heart: Eight Rules to Live By
, reprint ed. (New York: Hyperion, 2008), xiii.

4.
Shannon McCaffrey on Ivanka Trump’s presentation at the Glazer-Kennedy Marketing Super Conference, April 2009,
Shannon’s Marketing Implementer Newsletter
, June 2009.

5.
Daniel Goleman,
Emotional Intelligence
(New York: Bantam Dell: 2006).

   
[6]
The Competence Rule Book for Mere Mortals

1.
Credit for this saying goes to motivational speaker Mike Litman.

2.
James Bach, “Good Enough Quality: Beyond the Buzzword,”
Computer
30, no. 8 (August 1997): 96–98.

3.
K. A. Ericsson, et al., eds.
Cambridge Handbook of Expertise and Expert Performance
(Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2006): 658–706.

4.
J. McGrath Cahoon, Vivek Wadhwa, and Lesa Mitchell, “Are Women Entrepreneurs Different Than Men?” A study by the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation 2010.

5.
J. Evans, “Imposter Syndrome? Women, Technology and Confidence,”
Globe and Mail
, June 6, 2001.

6.
The Supergirl Dilemma: Girls Grapple with the Mounting Pressure of Expectations
, Girls Inc./Harris Interactive: 2006.

7.
“Tina Fey: From Spoofer to Movie Stardom,”
Independent
, March 19, 2010.

   
[7]
Responding to Failure, Mistakes, and Criticism

1.
Sharon Fried-Buchalter, “Fear of Success, Fear of Failure, and the Imposter Phenomenon: A Factor Analytic Approach to Convergent and Discriminant Validity,”
Journal of Personality Assessment
58, no. 2 (1992): 368–79.

2.
C. S. Dweck and T. E. Goetz, “Attributions and Learned Helplessness,” in
New Directions in Attribution Research
, ed. J. Harvey, W. Ickes, and R. Kidd, vol. 2 (Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1978).

3.
Deborah Phillips, “The Illusion of Incompetence Among Academically Competent Children,”
Child Development
58 (1984): 1308–20.

4.
Betty Shanahan, “Authentic Women and Effective Engineers … Create the Future,” presentation, Michigan Technical University, November 19, 2008.

5.
S. Van Goozen et al., “Anger Proneness in Women: Development and Validation of the Anger Situation Questionnaire,”
Aggressive Behavior
20 (1994): 79–100.

6.
Carol S. Dweck,
Mindset: The New Psychology of Success
(New York: Ballantine Books, 2007).

7.
Quoted in Marlo Thomas and Friends,
The Right Words at the Right Time
(New York: Atria Books, 2002), 48.

8.
Ibid.

9.
Karen Wright, “How to Take Feedback,”
Psychology Today
(March/April 2011).

   
[8]
Success and the Female Drive to Care and Connect

1.
“The Bottom Line: Connecting Corporate Performance and Gender Diversity,” Catalyst study, January 2004,
http://catalyst.org/publication/82/the-bottom-line-connecting-corporate-performance-and-gender-diversity
.

2.
Anna Fels,
Necessary Dreams: Ambition in Women’s Changing Lives
(New York: Pantheon, 2004).

3.
Suzie Mackenzie, “Talented, Clever, Sexy … and Guilty,”
Guardian Unlimited
, March 22, 1999,
www.guardian.co.uk
.

4.
“Spellbound,”
Dateline
, December 22, 2000.

5.
Mariah Burton Nelson, “Sisters Show How to Compete—and Care,”
Newsday
, September 11, 2001.

6.
Lee Anne Bell, “Something’s Wrong Here and It’s Not Me: Challenging the Dilemmas That Block Girl’s Success,”
Journal for the Education of the Gifted
12, no. 2 (1989): 118–30.

7.
Georgia Sassen, “Success Anxiety in Women: A Constructivist Interpretation of Its Sources and Its Significance,”
Harvard Business Review
(1980).

8.
Carol Stocker, “When Even the Most Successful People Have a Gnawing Feeling They’re Fakes,”
Boston Globe
, March 22, 1986.

9.
Sheryl Sandberg, “Why We Have Too Few Women Leaders,” speaking at TED Conference, December 21, 2010.

10.
M. C. Murphy, C. M. Steele, and J. J. Gross, “Signaling Threat: How Situational Cues Affect Women in Math, Science, and Engineering Settings,”
Psychological Science
18 (2007): 879–85.

11.
Clay Shirky, “A Rant About Women,” January 15, 2010,
www.shirky.com/weblog/2010/01/a-rant-about-women
.

12.
Richard L. Luftig and Marci L. Nichols, “An Assessment of the Social Status and Perceived Personality and School Traits of Gifted Students by Non-Gifted Peers,”
Roeper Review
13, no. 3 (1991): 148–53.

13.
Kimberly Daubman and Harold Sigall, “Gender Differences in Perceptions of How Others Are Affected by Self-disclosure About Achievement,”
Sex Roles
37, nos. 1–2 (1997): 73–89.

14.
Hannah Riley Bowles, Linda Babcock, and Lei Lai, “Social Incentives for Gender Differences in the Propensity to Initiate Negotiations: Sometimes It Does Hurt to Ask,”
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes
103, no. 1 (May 2007): 84–103.

15.
Girl Scouts of USA study, “Change It Up! What Girls Say About Redefining Leadership, 2008.

16.
Pat Heim and Susan Murphy,
In the Company of Women; Indirect Aggression Among Women; Why We Hurt Each Other & How to Stop
(New York: Tarcher, 2003), 53.

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