The Tragedy of the Templars (57 page)

    forces 267, 312

    Frankish defences 163, 167

    Frankish retreat 329

Frankish settlement 145–7, 153–6

    frontiers 166, 219

    history 209

    La Forbie defeat 313

    Mameluke aggression 324

    Mameluke threat 288

    Muslim population 156–7, 243–9

    Muslim relations 5, 120, 127, 156–7, 236

    name 2

    Nur al-Din's campaigns 194, 210, 218

    pilgrims 241

    ports 227, 228, 229

    relationship with the West 188–9, 191–2, 193–4, 264, 335

    religious tolerance 238–42

    Saladin's campaigns 4, 256, 263, 275–6

    Second Crusade 185–9

    Seventh Crusade 313–14

    strategy against Saladin 264

    Templar activities 126, 127, 134, 149–50, 172, 178–9, 226

    Templar forces 204–5

    Templar independence 140, 143

    Templar lands 153, 217, 223

    Templar strategy 319–20

    Templar trade 228, 229–30

    territory 133, 287

Turkish threat 210

P

Palestine

    Abbasid rule 48, 58

    Arab invasion 23, 123

    Arab tribes 48, 58

    Byzantine conquests (975–6) 62

    Byzantine rule 14–15, 17

    Christian population 88, 156

    Christian recovery 207

    civil wars (788, 792) 48–9

    coastal depopulation 298

    conditions after First Crusade 128–9

    Fatimid invasion 64

    Fatimid rule 67, 77, 80

    Frankish population 156

    Frankish rule 129

    persecution of Christians 53, 60, 68–9, 334

    pilgrim journeys 86–7, 123–5

    restrictions on Christians and Jews 49

    Roman rule 9

    rural population 42, 48, 156

    settlement pattern 298

    Turkish conquest 79–81

    Umayyad rule 27, 30–32, 45–6, 64

Papios, bishop 167

Paris Temple

    arrest and imprisonment of Templars 345–6

    construction 230

Inquisitorial hearings 349

    papal use of funds 321

    Second Crusade plans 178–9

    site 230

    stronghold 226, 231, 232, 345–6

    Templar banking system 226

    treasury of France 179

Pastoralis Praeeminentiae
(papal bull) 354

Payen of Montdidier, Templar knight 142

Pechenegs 89, 90

Pelagius, papal legate 304

People of the Book 39–40

People's Crusade 106

Persians

    Arab victories over 23

    Byzantine attacks on 17

    capture of Jerusalem (614) 16–17, 197

    Christian pilgrims 11

    conquest of Syria 66

    converts to Islam 44, 46, 47

Peter, former Templar knight 346

Peter Damiani, cardinal 83–4

Peter the Hermit 91–2, 105–6

Peter of Sevrey, marshal of the Templars 328

Peter of les Vaux-de-Cernay, chronicler 246

Philip I, king of France 90, 95

Philip II, king of France 232, 293, 294, 296–7

Philip IV (the Fair), king of France

    arrest of Templars 224, 248, 343, 345

    arrests of Italian bankers and Jews 346, 352

    Chinon hearings 359

    crusade project 340–41

    debts 352–3

    heresy charge against Templars 347–8, 352

    imperial ambitions 340

    money from Hospitallers 366

    motive for arrest of Templars 352–3

    plan to merge Templars and Hospitallers 340–42

    relationship with papacy 338–40, 352, 353–6, 361, 365

    sister's funeral 342

    spies in Templar order 344–5

    Templars burned at stake 363, 367, 368

pilgrimage

    Acre port 289–90

    Bethany 239–42

    Christian 11–12

    Compostela 94

    crusaders 103, 106

    economic importance 196–7, 283

    entrance fees 2, 91, 284

    hospital for pilgrims 1, 125–6, 199, 200, 283

    Jerusalem sites 129–32, 198

    journey to Jerusalem 54, 55–7, 77–9, 86–7, 123–5

    Muslim 20, 32

    Outremer landscape 129

    protection money 79

    Rome 336

    Saladin's policies 283–4, 299

    Templar protection 125, 131, 134, 150, 178, 223, 331, 342

pirates 60, 78, 89, 327

Pisa, Pisans

    at Acre 289, 292, 295–6, 323, 328

    campaigns against Arabs 93

    Constantinople community 257

    Egyptian trade 65

    fleet 292

Poitiers

    battle (732) 37, 52

    examination of Templars 356, 358, 359

    meeting of pope and king 355, 362

    papal court 339, 353–4, 355–6

Polo, Marco 230, 249

Poor Clares 301

Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ 1, 125, 126, 127

Portugal, Templars' position 149

Praxedis, queen (wife of Henry IV) 90

Q

Qadmus, Assassin castle 248

Qalaat al-Kahf, Assassin castle 248

Qalaun, Mameluke sultan 321, 324–5

Qarmatian sect 62, 64–5

qibla
(direction of prayer) 26–7, 160–61, 282

Quantum Praedecessores
(papal bull) 172–4

Qutuz, Mameluke sultan 314–15

R

Raimbald of Caron, master of Cyprus 359

Ralph of Diss, dean of St Paul's 255

Ralph of Patingy, Templar knight 178

Ramla 77, 79, 80

Raymond II, count of Tripoli 162–3, 250

Raymond III, count of Tripoli 210, 252, 264–71

Raymond, prince of Antioch 175, 181–2, 186, 193, 194, 195

Raymond of Aguilers, chronicler 111, 114–15

Raymond of Toulouse, count 104, 107, 113, 116, 121

Raynald of Chatillon, lord of Oultrejourdain 254–5, 261, 264, 265, 268, 272

Revelations, Book of 84

Rhodes, Hospitaller state 295, 341, 342

Richard I (the Lionheart), king of England

    achievements 299–300

    Acre capture 295–6, 300

    agreement with Saladin 299

    arrival in Holy Land 293, 295

    Arsuf victory 297–8

    birth 183

    campaign against Saladin 296–7

    capture of Cyprus 294–5, 329

    departure from Holy Land 299

    Jerusalem strategy 299, 304

    journey to Holy Land 294–5

    reliance on Templars 287–8, 297–8

    sale of Cyprus to Guy 329

    sale of Cyprus to Templars 295

    Third Crusade 287–8, 299

Riley-Smith, Jonathan 92, 146

Robert, count of Flanders 89

Robert, duke of Normandy 104, 121

Robert of Craon, Grand Master 139, 178

Robert of Sablé, Grand Master 295

Robert the Monk 98, 99–100, 114, 115, 141

La Roche de Roissol, castle 150

Roger II, king of Sicily 180

Roger of Flor, captain of a Templar galley 327

Roman Empire 13–14

Romanus IV Diogenes, Byzantine emperor 75–6

Romanus Lecapenus, Byzantine emperor 60

Rome

    Arab attack (846) 54–5

    coronation of Charlemagne 52

    fall of (476) 14, 15

    papacy 15, 40, 82, 89, 122, 305, 339

    pilgrims 94, 336

    western empire 13

Rosetta, Templar raids (1300) 336

Rossal (Roland), Templar knight 142

Rostan Berenguier, poet 342

Ruad (Arwad), Templar base 333, 337–8, 340, 341

Rum, Seljuk sultanate 256, 257, 263

Runciman, Steven 116, 302–3

S

Saewulf of Canterbury 123–4

St Mark, Fustat 66

St Mary, Jerusalem 56

St Simeon, Aswan 236

St Simeon Stylites, church of (Syria) 33

Saladin (Salah al-Din)

    Acre loss 296

    Acre position 292–3

    Acre siege (1187–88) 291–2

    agreement with Richard 299

    aims 252

    army 234, 267–8

    Arsuf defeat (1191) 297–8

    Assassin relations 250

    capture of Jacob's Ford (1179) 222, 259–60

    capture of Jerusalem (1187) 1–3, 5, 200–201, 280–82

    career 4–5

    childhood and education 233–4

    death 288, 299, 300

    defence of Alexandria 212

    domination of local Muslim rulers 162

    dynastic ambitions 3, 4, 164, 263

    execution of prisoners 261–2, 298

    Hattin victory 270–74, 298

    illness (1186) 262–3

    Jerusalem entry 280–82

    Jerusalem siege (1187) 277–80

    Jerusalem terms 278–80

    jihad 69, 236, 237, 248, 262

    Montgisard defeat (1177) 254–5

    relationship with Richard 296, 298

    reputation 3

    resources 256

    rule of Egypt 235

    Sunni Islam 245

    treaty with Raymond of Tripoli 265, 266–7

    Tripoli invasion (1180) 261

    truce with Baldwin 260, 261

    vizier 213, 235

    warfare against Muslims 262–3

    will 262

al-Salih Ayyub, sultan of Egypt 309, 310, 311–12, 313–14

San Vitale, Ravenna 33

Saphet (Safad), castle

    design 219

    fall to Baybars 316, 317–18

    Templar castle 222, 223

Sassanian kings 23, 46, 48

Scheherazade 48

Sebeos, Armenian historian 17, 18

Seljuk Turks

    Baghdad caliphate 74, 119, 158, 162

    Baghdad capture (1055) 74

    Byzantine appeals to West 82–4, 90–91

    Byzantine fight-back 89

    Byzantine losses 81

    decline 158

    destruction of Ani (1064) 74–5

    Fatimid campaigns against 81, 86

    First Crusade 107–12, 180

    frontiers 166, 179

    invasion of Armenia 72, 74–5, 77

    invasion of Palestine 80

    invasion of Syria 72, 80

    invasions 70, 71–2, 76–7

    Jerusalem capture and occupation 72, 80, 86, 88, 112, 122, 147

    Jerusalem loss to Fatimids (1098) 112

    Manzikert victory (1071) 71, 76, 81

    migration 74

    Nur al-Din's conquests over 208

    Palestine rule 86

    People's Crusade 106

    religion 74

    revolt against 79–80

    Rum sultanate 166, 256, 257, 263

    Saladin's career 4, 233–4

    Second Crusade 180

    threat 85–6, 92, 93

    Urban's speech 101

Sens, archbishop of 363, 367

Sephoria (Tzippori) 268–9

Shagarat al-Durr, wife of al–Salih 313–14

Shaizar (Cezer), emir of 159–60, 161–2

Shaizar, stronghold 182

Shawar, vizier 209–10, 211–14

Sheikh al-Jebel, leader of Assassins 248

Shia Islam

    caliphate 44, 64, 75

    Fatimids 63, 64–5, 88, 195, 211

    Ismailis 63, 211, 237

    Nur al-Din's jihad 195, 237, 248

    origins 44

    uprising against Mamelukes 333

Shirkuh, Kurdish general 209–10, 211–12, 213, 233

Sibylla, queen of Jerusalem 209, 265, 277, 284

Sicilian Vespers 320–21

Sidon 228, 329

sieges

    Frankish castles 218–19

    Frankish strategy 163

    Middle Ages 205

    Saladin's techniques 259–60

see also
Acre, Damascus, Edessa, Jerusalem

Siffin, battle (657) 28

Simon, Franciscan brother 346

al-Sinaji, Mohammed 61

Sinan, Rashid al-Din 250, 251

slave trade 229–30

Sophronius, patriarch of Jerusalem 25

Spain

    Alfonso VII's crusade 177

    Almohades 263

    Almoravids 87, 93, 177

    Arab invasion (711) 36

    Cluniac priories 94

    emirate of Cordoba 44

    house of Aragon 321

    independence (756) 58

    pilgrims 174, 198

    Reconquista 37, 93, 94, 149

    Templars' position 149, 179, 224, 229, 232, 354

    Umayyads 52, 58

Springs of Cresson, battle (1187) 222, 266, 269, 275, 293

Stables of Solomon 202, 203

Sufism 237, 267

Suger, abbot of St Denis 173

Sulaiman, Umayyad caliph 36

Sunni Islam

    Alp Arslan's campaigns 75

    Assassins and 248–9, 250, 252

    battle with dualists 245

    caliphate 44, 64, 233, 333–4

    in Egypt 63, 65, 66, 211, 237

    in Jerusalem 88

    Kurds 211

    Mamelukes 333–4

    Nur al-Din's jihad 195

    Saladin's regime 237, 238, 244, 250

    Shia split 44

    Umayyad period 64