The Transformation of the World (268 page)

Balkans as part of,
54
,
83
,
90
,
110
,
120
,
360
,
421
,
472
–
75
,
750
–
51

bureaucracy in,
611
–
12
,
910

capital exports and,
64

censuses in,
26

education and literacy in,
11
,
16
,
797

Egypt as part of,
26
,
34
,
54
,
120
,
446
,
459

ethnic cleansing and,
139
–
42

financial markets and debts,
738
–
39

Great Powers and,
90
,
401
,
473
,
560
,
570
,
627

Greek revolt in,
137
,
521

industrialization in,
640

international hierarchy and,
915

and Iran,
111

knowledge transfer in,
784
,
808

language as barrier to,
784

loss of peripheral territories,
466

modernity in,
72

newspapers in,
34

nomadic peoples in,
149
,
356
–
57
,
612

photography in,
41

population of,
119
,
120

as refuge for Jews,
868
–
69

religion in,
887
–
88
,
893

revolution in,
63
(
See also
Young Turk Revolution
under this heading
)

Russian-Ottoman wars,
140
–
42

secularization in,
565
–
67
,
882

slavery in,
849

sultans of,
16
,
34
,
41
,
65
,
72
,
117
,
138
,
501
,
559
,
562
,
565
,
567
,
570
,
588
,
626
–
27
,
849
,
882
,
889

Tanzimat reforms,
611
–
12
,
618
,
627
,
629
,
775
,
784
,
903
,
913

Tsarist Empire and,
89
,
470

Westernization in,
626
–
27

Young Turk Revolution in,
35
,
54
,
138
,
237
,
409
,
504
,
559
–
60
,
566
–
68
,
570
,
658
,
849

Otto (Othon), King of Greece,
407
,
409
,
829

Otto-Peters, Louise,
508

Ottowa,
12
,
269

Owen, Robert,
604
,
687

Oxford,
753
,
805
–
6
,
818

Oyo Empire,
517

Özi,
540

Pacific islands,
98

Pacific Ocean,
98
–
99

Pacific War,
477

pacifism,
508
–
9
,
508
–
10

Pahlavi Dynasty,
570

Paine, Thomas,
217
,
515
,
525
,
539

Pakistan,
396
,
465

See also
Punjab

Palacký, František,
15

Palestine,
109
,
501
,
867
,
868

Palmer, Robert R.,
523

Palmerston, Henry John Temple, Lord,
307
,
847
,
880

Panama and Panama Canal,
478

Panizzi, Anatonio,
9

panopticon,
314

paper money,
730

Paraguay,
229
,
407
,
476
–
77
,
863

Pareto, Vilfredo,
861

Paris

architecture and construction in,
302
,
309
–
10

city planning and,
7
,
316
–
18

communications networks and,
720

as cultural center,
5
–
6
,
8
,
12
,
15
,
18
,
137
–
39
,
247
–
48
,
263
–
64

disease outbreaks in,
191

as economic center,
145
,
245
,
272

International Exhibition in,
805

municipal infrastructure of,
174
,
311
,
591

political dissidents and,
137
–
39

population of,
251
–
52
,
259

siege of,
210
–
11
,
298
,
301

standard of living in,
229
,
230
–
32

transportation within,
303
–
4
,
307

Paris Commune,
32
,
135
,
393
,
517
,
558
,
835
,
916

Paris Peace Conference,
107
,
504
,
723
–
24

parliamentary government

accountability and,
577

Parthasarathi, Prasannan,
392

participation, political,
545
,
557
,
573
,
593
–
94
,
599
,
904

suffrage and,
55
,
404
,
507
,
546
,
579
,
594
,
599
–
600
,
602
–
3
,
700

Passy, Frédéric,
509

Pasteur, Louis,
176
–
77
,
183
,
195
,
805

patronage systems,
426
,
577
,
609
,
611
–
12

Paul I, Tsar,
271
–
72

Pearson, Charles,
306

peasants

and access to land,
678

Chinese village society and,
677
,
679
,
680

emancipation of,
823

legal liberation of,
704

market economics and,
208
,
676

moral economy of rural life,
676
,
683
,
704

Stolypin's reforms and,
366
,
369
,
677
,
703

study of folkways,
822
–
23

uprising and protests among,
66
,
520
–
21
,
525
,
558
,
568

Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil,
408

Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil,
5
,
502
,
587

Peel, Robert,
408
,
454

Peking.
See
Beijing

pellegra,
205

Pemberton, John Styth,
233

penal colonies,
547

Australia,
135
–
36
,
547

as frontier settlement strategy,
134
–
35

New Zealand,
547

Siberia,
133
–
34
,
148

South Africa,
547

penal systems

in China,
623

convicts as labor,
693

in Japan,
623

as moral instrument of state,
622
–
23

Panopticon,
314

prison labor and profit-motivated penitentiaries,
623

See also
penal colonies

periodization,
45
–
49
,
404
–
5
,
524

calendars and,
49
–
52

epochal,
51
–
52

of nineteenth century,
58
–
67
,
154
–
55
,
906
–
7
sattelzeit
concept and,
59
–
63

in social history,
61

“turning points,”
52
–
55

peripheries.
See
core-periphery relationship

Perry, Matthew C., Commodore,
388
,
480
,
492
,
758

Persia.
See
Iran

Peru,
41
,
129
–
30
,
158
,
162
,
227

exports,
658
–
59
,
694

government in,
407
,
598

and Saltpeter War,
477
,
658

Tupac Amaru uprising in,
533
,
540
,
916

Petavius, Dionysus (Denis Pétau),
50

Peter I, “The Great” Tsar,
89
,
133
,
259
,
361
,
403
,
560
,
626

petite bourgeoisie,
145
,
310
,
762
–
64
,
775
,
777
,
891

Pettenkofer, Max von,
173
,
193

Phan Boi Chau,
786

Philadelphia,
15
,
252
,
258
,
261

Philippines,
27
,
124
,
126
,
153
,
186
,
191
,
206
,
724
,
791

education and literacy in,
791
,
796
,
801

Spanish Empire and,
257
,
283
,
400
,
418
,
881

as US dominion,
98
,
119
,
401
,
405
,
418
,
420
–
21
,
449
,
474
,
488
,
509
,
784
,
796
,
801
,
834
,
835
,
870
–
71

photography,
39
–
43
,
199

Pidgin languages,
785
–
87

Piedmont-Sardinia,
410
,
411
,
518

pilgrims and pilgrimages,
164
,
193
,
264
–
65
,
446
,
888
,
900
–
901

piracy,
60
,
96
,
98
,
275
,
281
–
82
,
299
,
355
,
363
,
395
,
427
,
437
–
38
,
520
,
574

slave trade and,
151
,
538

Pius IX, Pope (“Pio Nono”),
410
,
884
,
898
,
901

Pius XI, Pope,
884

plantation agriculture,
682
–
83

contract labor and,
157
–
58

slavery and,
100
,
130
,
151
,
843
–
44
,
850
–
51

sugar production and,
132
–
33
,
151
,
154

Pliny the Elder,
101

Plymouth, England,
277

Poland,
88
,
102
,
137
,
141
,
192
,
396
–
97
,
406
–
7
,
437
,
466
,
752
,
870
,
881

literature in,
20

migration and,
109
,
137
,
430

partition of,
466
,
705
,
888

Polanyi, Karl,
641

policing,
618
–
22
,
704

poliomyelitus,
179
–
80

political boundaries,
110

political economy,
25
,
903

political geography,
78

political orders,
575
–
78

Polk, James K.,
477

Pomerania,
156
,
705

Pomeranz, Kenneth,
392

Pope, Russell,
272

population

censuses,
25
–
28

of cities,
251

climate and,
125

as concept,
28

by continent,
117
–
18

“depopulation” as concern,
123

disease and population disasters,
125

fertility rates,
121
,
122
,
123
,
127
–
28

growth rates,
118
,
120
–
21