The Triple Package (28 page)

Goizueta name in a lot of places in Atlanta
:
See “Distinguished Faculty,” Georgia Tech Office of Hispanic Initiatives, http://www.hispanicoffice.gatech.edu/goizueta-fellowship/ faculty-staff (discussing “The Goizueta Foundation Faculty Chair” and the “Roberto C. Goizueta Chair for Excellence in Chemical Engineering”); “Atlanta Ballet Receives $2 Million Gift from The Goizueta Foundation,” The Atlanta Ballet, Jan. 4, 2012, http://www.atlantaballet.com/press/goizueta-foundation-gift-010412. Since its establishment in 1992, the Goizueta Foundation has given over $370 million to support education, family services, and the arts.

Roberto Goizueta
:
David Greising,
I’d Like to Buy the World a Coke: The Life and Leadership of Roberto Goizueta
(New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998), pp. xvi–xviii; “Goizueta Remembered for Service to Church,”
The Georgia Bulletin
, Oct. 23, 1997.

“Cuban Exiles”
:
See Miguel Gonzalez-Pando,
The Cuban Americans
(Westport, CT, and London: Greenwood Press, 1998), pp. 20–1, 33–4, 44–6; María Cristina García,
Havana USA: Cuban Exiles and Cuban Americans in South Florida, 1959–1994
(Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1996), chap. 1; see generally Richard D. Alba and Victor Nee,
Remaking the American Mainstream: Assimilation and Contemporary Immigration
(Cambridge, MA; and London: Harvard University Press, 2003), pp. 189–92; Guillermo J. Grenier and Lisandro Pérez,
The Legacy of Exile: Cubans in the United States
(Boston, MA: Pearson Education, 2003), pp. 23–7.

four major waves of post-Castro Cuban immigration
:
Grenier and Pérez,
The Legacy of Exile
, pp. 23–5; see Susan Eva Eckstein,
The Immigrant Divide: How Cuban Americans Changed the U.S. and Their Homeland
(New Haven, CT, and London: Routledge, 2009), pp. 2-3; U.S. Census, American Community Survey, Table S0201: Selected Population Profile in the United States (2010 3-year dataset) (population group code 403 – Cuban).

middle and upper class
:
García,
Havana USA
, p. 15; Gonzalez-Pando,
The Cuban Americans
, p. 33. Specifically, of the so-called Golden Exiles, who arrived in the first wave of immigration to the U.S., about 25 percent had been judges, lawyers, professionals, and semiprofessionals; 12 percent had managerial and executive positions in Cuba; and 31 percent had clerical or sales jobs. Thomas D. Boswell and James R. Curtis,
The Cuban-American Experience: Culture, Images, and Perspectives
(Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Allanheld, 1984), pp. 45–6.

“the psychological impetus”
:
Gonzalez-Pando,
The Cuban Americans
, p. 47.

Miami was still largely a resort
:
García,
Havana USA
, pp. 5, 86–7.

more than 1,100 multinational corporations
:
WorldCity, “The 2009 Who’s Here Multinational Economic Impact Study” (2009), p. 2, http://www.bus.miami.edu/_assets/files/news-media/recent-news/WhosHere09.pdf.

eleventh-highest gross metropolitan product
:
The U.S. Conference of Mayors,
U.S. Metro Economies: Outlook—Gross Metropolitan Product, and Critical Role of Transportation Infrastructure
(2012), appendix Table 1; see also García,
Havana USA
, pp. 86–7; Grenier and Pérez,
The Legacy of Exile
, pp. 48–50.

Alfonso Fanjul
:
See Patrick Verel, “Fordham Alumnus Recounts Rise to Top of Sugar Industry,”
Inside Fordham
, Feb. 25, 2013, http://www.fordham.edu/campus_resources/newsroom/inside_fordham/february_25_2013/news/fordham_alumnus_reco_90307.asp; Marci McDonald, “A Sweet Deal for Big Sugar’s Daddies,
U.S. News &
World Report
, Aug. 6, 2001.

Bacardis
:
Tom Gjelten,
Bacardi and the Long Fight for Cuba: The Biography of a Cause
(New York: Viking, 2008), pp. 194–5, 205–6, 208, 235–6; W. Blake Grey, “Bacardi, and Its Yeast, Await a Return to Cuba,”
Los Angeles Times
, Oct. 6, 2011.

As of 1961
:
Gonzalez-Pando,
The Cuban Americans
, p. 21.

Gedalio Grinberg
:
Douglas Martin, “G. Grinburg, Watch Baron, Dies at 77,”
New York Times
, Jan. 6, 2009; “Movado Group, Inc.,” 2013 Form 10-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/72573/000119312513126699/d444274d10k.htm#tx444274_3.

Carlos Gutierrez
:
Kateri Drexler, “Carlos Gutierrez,” in
Icons of Business: An Encyclopedia of Mavericks, Movers, and Shakers
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2007), vol.1, pp. 203–21.

Ralph de la Vega
 . . . “Spam-like meat”:
Ralph de la Vega
, Obstacles Welcome: How to Turn Adversity into Advantage in Business and Life
(Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 2009), pp. 1–3, 10; Robert Reiss, “A Journey from Cuba to Corporate Leadership,”
Forbes
, April 5, 2010.

“no idea
 . . . where to take their families”:
García,
Havana USA
, p. 18.

Former executives parked cars
 . . . “I was determined that my children”:
Gonzalez-Pando,
The Cuban Americans
, pp. 33–4, 36, 47–8 (quoting an interview with anthropologist Mercedes Sandoval); García,
Havana USA
, p. 20; see also “Marco Rubio Won’t Be V.P.,”
New York Times Magazine
, Jan. 26, 2012.

“Cubans more than most Latin American immigrants”
:
Susan Eckstein, “Cuban Émigrés and the American Dream,”
Political Science and Politics
4, no. 2 (June 2006), p. 297.

wealthiest Hispanic American
:
Miguel de la Torre,
La Lucha for Cuba: Religion and Politics on the Streets of Miami
(Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2003), p. 35.

managerial and professional positions
:
U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey Reports,
The American Community—Hispanics: 2004
(February 2007), p. 16 and fig. 12.

enrolled full-time in college
:
Marcela Muñiz,
Latinos and Higher Education: Snapshots from the Academic Literature
(College Board, 2006), p. 17, http://advocacy.collegeboard.org/sites/default/files/latinos-and-highered_snapshots.pdf.

total revenue of Cuban American businesses
:
Eckstein, “Cuban Émigrés,” p. 297 (calculated using the unofficial, de facto exchange rate).

About a third of Miami’s population
:
U.S. Census, American Community Survey, Table S0201: Selected Population Profile in the United States (2011 1-year dataset) (county: Miami-Dade, Florida) (population group codes 001 – total population; 403 – Cuban) (Cubans represent about 900,000 of Miami-Dade County’s 2.6 million residents).

also dominate Miami politics
:
Eckstein,
The Immigrant Divide
, p. 94; Miami-Dade County—Office of the Mayor, http://www.miamidade.gov/mayor/; see also de la Torre,
La Lucha for Cuba
, p. 19.

all three Latinos elected in 2012
:
“Latino Congress Members: 2012 Election Sets a New Record with the Most Latinos Elected to U.S. Senate, House in History,” Huffington Post, Nov. 7, 2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/07/latino-congress-members_n_2090311.html.

Cuban actors
:
Tom Seymour, “Andy Garcia on Coppola, Corleone and City Island,” Empire, http://www.empireonline.com/interviews/interview.asp?IID=1235; Robert Sullivan, “Sunshine Superwoman,”
Vogue
, June 2009, p. 97; Cindy Pearlman, “Eva Mendes Relies on What’s Inside to Figure Things Out,”
Chicago Sun-Times
, Mar. 31, 2013.

later waves of Cuban immigrants
:
Alba and Nee,
Remaking the American Mainstream
, pp. 189–92; Gonzalez-Pando,
The Cuban Americans
, pp. 20–1, 33–4, 122; Grenier and Pérez,
The Legacy of Exile
, pp. 23–27; Emily H. Skop, “Race and Place in the Adaptation of Mariel Exiles,”
International Migration Review
35, no. 2 (2001), pp. 449–71.

mostly white, whereas a substantial fraction
:
Grenier and Pérez,
The Legacy of Exile
, pp. 38–9; García,
Havana USA
, p. xi; Skop, “Race and Place in the Adaptation of Mariel Exiles,” p. 450.

cold shoulder from the Exiles
:
Gonzalez-Pando,
The Cuban Americans
, pp. 68–9; Interview with Jose Pico.

absent from Miami’s power elite
:
Eckstein,
The Immigrant Divide
, pp. 88–9.

New Cubans
 . . . other Hispanics:
Ibid.; Pew Hispanic Center,
Fact Sheet: Cubans in the United States
, Aug. 25, 2006, http://pewhispanic.org/files/factsheets/23.pdf.

the Exiles’ U.S.-born children
:
Kevin A. Hill and Dario Moreno, “Second-Generation Cubans,”
Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Science
18, no. 2 (1996), pp. 177–8.

majority of the nonwhite
 . . . outside Miami:
Skop, “Race and Place in the Adaptation of Mariel Exiles,” p. 461.

3.2 million black immigrants
:
U.S. Census, American Community Survey, Table S0201: Selected Population Profile in the United States (2010 3-year dataset) (population group codes 001 – total population; 004 – Black or African American). As of 2009, approximately one million of America’s black immigrants came from African countries; the principal countries of origin were Nigeria (19 percent), Ethiopia (13 percent), Ghana (10 percent), and Kenya, Somalia, and Liberia (6 percent each). Randy Capps, Kristen McCabe, and Michael Fix,
Diverse Streams: African Migration to the United States
(Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute, 2012), p. 4. The same year, there were approximately 1.7 million black West Indian immigrants, with Jamaica (36 percent) and Haiti (31 percent) by far the dominant countries of origin. Kevin J.A. Thomas,
A Demographic Profile of Black Caribbean Immigrants in the United States
(Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute, 2012), p. 5.

41 percent of black Ivy League freshmen
:
Douglas S. Massey, Margarita Mooney, Kimberly C. Torres, and Camille Z. Charles, “Black Immigrants and Black Natives Attending Selective Colleges and Universities in the United States,”
American Journal of Education
113, no. 2 (Feb. 2007), pp. 243, 249, 267. Note that Massey’s study covered only four Ivy League schools (Columbia, Princeton, Penn, and Yale).

Gates Jr. and Lani Guinier
:
Sara Rimer and Karen W. Arenson, “Top Colleges Take More Blacks, but Which Ones?,”
New York Times
, June 24, 2004.

Yale Law, 18 students
:
Study commissioned by authors, June 2012, based on personal interviews with members of the Yale Black Law Students Association (on file with authors).

260,000 Nigerians in the U.S.
:
U.S. Census, American Community Survey, Table S0201: Selected Population Profile in the United States (2010 3-year dataset) (population group code 567 – Nigerian).

Harvard Business School
:
Study commissioned by authors, January 2013, based on the Harvard Business School Intranet, the HBS African-American Student Union Facebook group, and personal interviews (on file with authors).

factor of about ten
:
Massey found that 27 percent of black freshmen at America’s selective schools in 1999 were of “immigrant origin” (either immigrants themselves or the children of immigrants) and that 17 percent of these were Nigerian, meaning that about 4.6 percent of the black students were Nigerian. Massey et al., “Black Immigrants,” pp. 248, 251. At that time, Nigerians represented about .48 percent of America’s black population (roughly 165,000 out of 34,000,000), so their percentage of the black student body was approximately ten times their percentage of the U.S. black population as a whole. U.S. Census, Table PCT001: Total Population (year: 2000) (population group codes 004 – Black or African American; 567 – Nigerian).

particularly well in medicine
:
In Harvard Medical School’s class of 2015, there are 13 black medical students (out of 170 overall). Of those 13, reportedly 4 had at least one Nigerian parent. Study commissioned by authors, January 2013 (on file with authors). The AMA counted 34,000 black physicians in the U.S. in 2008. American Medical Association, “Total Physicians by Race/Ethnicity – 2008,” http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/about-ama/our-people/member-groups-sections/minority-affairs-section/physician-statistics/total-physicians-raceethnicity.page. Of these, around 3,000 to 3,500 appear to be Nigerian, including more than 50 in Charlotte, NC, alone. See Ronald H. Baylor, ed.,
Multicultural America: An Encyclopedia of the Newest Americans
(Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood, 2011), vol. 1, p. 1610; Mike Stobbe, “Nigerian Physicians’ ‘Phenomenal’ Influx into Charlotte, North Carolina,”
Charlotte Observer
, Dec. 27, 2004, http://naijanet.com/news/source/2004/dec/27/1000.html.

“Nigerians dominate” investment banking
:
Patricia Ngozi Anekwe,
Characteristics and Challenges of High Achieving Second-Generation Nigerian Youths in the United States
(Boca Raton, FL: Universal Publishers, 2008), p. 129 (quoting interviewee).

overrepresented at America’s top law firms
:
Complete information about the number of black lawyers at America’s top law firms, or their national origins, is not readily available. Using a well-known national ranking of U.S. law firms (the “Vault Law 100”), we examined the five top-ranked firms in the country, all of which are headquartered in New York City, and five of the top-ranking law offices in Washington, DC, as well. Study commissioned by authors, July/August 2013 (on file with authors). The results of our study, based on interviews, firm Web sites, and the NALP Directory of Legal Employers, suggest that, in the aggregate, upwards of 5 percent of the black lawyers (including partners, counsel, and associates, but excluding staff attorneys) at these ten firms are of Nigerian origin, which is an at least sevenfold overrepresentation as compared to Nigerian Americans’ percentage (0.7) of the U.S. black population as a whole.