The Truth Machine (40 page)

90
. Ibid., 57–58.

91
. Ibid., 50.

92
. Ibid., 99.

93
. Ibid., 100–101.

94
. Ibid., 107.

95
. Quoted in Marvin E. Wolfgang, “Cesare Lombroso, 1835–1909,” in
Pioneers in Criminology,
ed. Hermann Mannheim, 2nd ed. (Montclair: Patterson Smith, 1972), 255.

96
. Lombroso and Ferrero,
The Female Offender,
101.

97
. Ibid., 102.

98
. Ibid., 107–111.

99
. Ibid., 110.

100
. Albrecht, “Cesare Lombroso,” 77.

101
. Havelock Ellis,
The Criminal,
5th ed. (London: The Walter Scott Publishing Co., 1916), 268.

102
. Albrecht, “Cesare Lombroso,” 79.

103
. Lombroso and Ferrero,
The Female Offender,
150–51.

104
. Albrecht, “Cesare Lombroso,” 79.

105
. Francis Galton,
Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development,
2nd ed. (London: J. M. Dent and Sons, 1907), 20–21.

106
. David Horn, “Making Criminologists: Tools, Techniques, and the Production of Scientific Authority,” in
Criminals and their Scientists: The History of Criminology in International Perspective,
ed. Peter Becker and Richard F. Wetzell (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 322–23.

107
. Horn,
The Criminal Body,
89.

108
. Cesare Lombroso, “The Physical Insensibility of Women,”
Fortnightly Review
n.s. 51 (1892): 354–57.

109
. Mary Gibson, “On the Insensitivity of Women: Science and the Woman Question in Liberal Italy, 1890–1910,”
Journal of Women's History
2, no. 2 (1990): 11–41.

110
. Gibson,
Born to Crime,
chap. 2.

111
. Cited in Hurley,
The Gothic Body,
98.

112
. Lombroso and Ferrero,
The Female Offender,
151.

113
. Thomas M. Dixon,
From Passions to Emotions: The Creation of a Secular Psychological Category
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 164.

114
. Quoted in Hutchings,
The Criminal Spectre,
102.

115
. M. E. Owen, “Criminal Women,”
Cornhill Magazine
14 (August 1866): 152–53.

116
. Charles Darwin,
The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals
(New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1873), 334.

117
. Darwin,
Expression of the Emotions,
346–47.

118
. Horn, “Making Criminologists,” 331.

119
. Havelock Ellis,
The Criminal,
138.

120
. Darwin,
Expression of the Emotions,
326.

121
. Dixon,
From Passions to Emotion.

122
. Otniel E. Dror, “The Scientific Image of Emotion: Experience and Technologies of Inscription,”
Configurations
7, no. 3 (1999): 357.

123
. Anson Rabinbach,
The Human Motor: Energy, Fatigue, and the Origins of Modernity
(New York: Basic, 1990), 96.

124
. Dror, “The Scientific Image of Emotion,” 358.

125
. Ibid.

126
. Otniel E. Dror, “Techniques of the Brain and the Paradox of Emotions, 1880–1930,”
Science in Context
14, no. 4 (2001): 646.

127
. Horn,
The Criminal Body,
119.

128
. Ibid., 122.

129
. Wolfgang, “Cesare Lombroso, 1835–1909,” 237.

130
. Horn,
The Criminal Body,
96; Hurley,
The Gothic Body,
100.

131
. Horn, “Making Criminologists,” 321.

132
. Horn,
The Criminal Body,
26.

133
. Lombroso (1891) quoted in Hurley,
The Gothic Body,
101.

134
. Leps,
Apprehending the Criminal,
47.

135
. Quoted in Horn,
The Criminal Body,
127.

136
. Horn,
The Criminal Body,
128.

137
. J[oseph] J[astrow], “Illustrations of Recent Italian Psychology,”
Science
6, no. 144 (November 6, 1885): 413–15.

138
. Lombroso and Ferrero, quoted in Horn,
The Criminal Body,
126.

139
. Horn,
The Criminal Body,
84.

140
. Cited in Horn,
The Criminal Body,
85.

141
. Ibid., 86.

142
. Enrico Ferri,
Criminal Sociology,
trans. “W. D. M.” (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1895), 166–67.

143
. Gabriel Tarde,
Penal Philosophy,
trans. Rapelje Howell (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1912), 63–64.

144
. Gina Lombroso-Ferrero,
Criminal Man: According to the Classification of Cesare Lombroso
(Montclair: Patterson Smith, 1911/1972), 223.

145
. Ibid., 224–25.

146
. Arthur Macdonald, “The Study of Crime and Criminals,”
The Chautauquan
18 (1893): 265–70.

147
. Ibid., 268–69.

148
. Cesare Lombroso,
Crime: Its Causes and Remedies
(Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1911), 254.

149
. See Helen Zimmern, “Criminal Anthropology in Italy,”
Popular Science Monthly
52, 1897–98, 743–60.

150
. Quoted in Hutchings,
The Criminal Spectre,
107.

151
. Ibid., 110.

152
. Horn,
The Criminal Body,
141.

153
. Ibid., 87.

154
. Young,
Imagining Crime,
27.

Epigraph.
Alfred Austin, “Our Novels: The Sensation School,”
Temple Bar
29 (1879): 422.

1
. John Kucich,
The Power of Lies: Transgression in Victorian Fiction
(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994).

2
. Martin J. Wiener,
Reconstructing the Criminal: Culture, Law, and Policy in England, 1830–1914
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 245.

3
. Ibid., 244.

4
. Kate Summerscale,
The Suspicions of Mr. Whicher or The Murder at Road Hill House
(London: Bloomsbury, 2008), xi.

5
. “Celebrated Crimes and Criminals—No. XIII,”
The Sporting Times
1248, Saturday, August 20, 1887, 2.

6
. Peter J. Hutchings,
The Criminal Spectre in Law, Literature and Aesthetics
(London: Routledge, 2001), 28.

7
. Ronald R. Thomas, “The Lie Detector and the Thinking Machine,” in
Detective Fiction and the Rise of Forensic Science
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 35.

8
. Wiener,
Reconstructing the Criminal,
247.

9
. Alfred Austin, “Our Novels: The Sensational School,”
Temple Bar
29 (June 1870): 422.

10
. Wiener,
Reconstructing the Criminal,
248.

11
. Hutchings,
The Criminal Spectre,
93.

12
. Alison Young,
Imagining Crime: Textual Outlaws and Criminal Conversations
(London: Sage, 1996), 109.

13
. Wiener,
Reconstructing the Criminal,
245.

14
. Marie-Christine Leps,
Apprehending the Criminal: The Production of Deviance in Nineteenth-Century Discourse
(Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1992), 94.

15
. Ibid., 99.

16
. Ibid., 113.

17
. Daniel Pick,
Faces of Degeneration: A European Disorder, c. 1848–1918
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 4.

18
. Ibid., 163.

19
. Nils Clausson, “Degeneration, Fin-de-Siècle Gothic, and the Science of Detection: Arthur Conan Doyle's
The Hound of the Baskervilles
and the Emergence of the Modern Detective Story,”
Journal of Narrative Theory
35, no. 1 (2005): 64, 76.

20
. Wiener,
Reconstructing the Criminal,
173.

21
. Nicole Hahn Rafter,
Creating Born Criminals
(Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1997), 38.

22
. Kelly Hurley,
The Gothic Body: Sexuality, Materialism, and Degeneration at the Fin-de-Siècle
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 4.

23
. Ibid., 63.

24
. Ibid., 4.

25
. Ibid., 60.

26
. Peter J. Bowler,
The Non-Darwinian Revolution: Reinterpreting a Historical Myth
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988).

27
. Hurley,
The Gothic Body,
8.

28
. Leps,
Apprehending the Criminal,
218.

29
. Quoted in Pick,
Faces of Degeneration,
171.

30
. Hutchings,
The Criminal Spectre,
12.

31
. Pick,
Faces of Degeneration,
171.

32
. Conan Doyle, “A Scandal in Bohemia” (1891), quoted in Wiener,
Reconstructing the Criminal,
222.

33
. Quoted in Clausson, “Degeneration,” 61.

34
. Quoted in Clausson, “Degeneration,” 74–75, 97 (emphasis added).

35
. Ibid., 63.

36
. Judith Wilt, “The Imperial Mouth: Imperialism, the Gothic and Science Fiction.”
Journal of Popular Culture
14, no. 4 (1981): 618–28.

37
. Wiener,
Reconstructing the Criminal,
223.

38
. See Ronald R. Thomas, “The Fingerprints of the Foreigner: Colonizing the Criminal Body in 1980s Detective Fiction and Criminal Anthropology,”
ELH
61, no. 3 (1994): 655–83.

39
. Quoted in Wiener,
Reconstructing the Criminal,
220.

40
. Clausson, “Degeneration,” 77.

41
. Hutchings,
The Criminal Spectre,
187.

42
. Conan Doyle, “The Final Problem” (1893), quoted in Hutchings,
The Criminal Spectre,
194.

43
. Lombroso in
The Man of Genius
(1864/1891), quoted in Hurley,
The Gothic Body,
67.

44
. Hutchings,
The Criminal Spectre,
194–95.

45
. Quoted in Hurley,
The Gothic Body,
42.

46
. Wiener,
Reconstructing the Criminal,
251–52.

47
. Pick,
Faces of Degeneration,
158.

48
. Hurley,
The Gothic Body,
104.

49
. Ibid., 103.

50
. Ibid., 109. Moreau's namesake was Jacques-Joseph Moreau, whose
Morbid Psychology
(1859) posited that the over-excitation of the intellect atrophies the moral sensibility. The book was also an inspiration for Lombroso.

51
. Hurley,
The Gothic Body,
108.

52
. Ibid., 113.

53
. Marion Shaw, “‘To Tell the Truth of Sex': Confession and Abjection in Late Victorian Writing,” in
Rewriting the Victorians: Theory, History, and the Politics of Gender,
ed. Linda M. Shires (New York: Routledge, 1992), 92.

54
. Wiener,
Reconstructing the Criminal,
254.

55
. Piers Beirne, “Heredity vs Environment: A Reconsideration of Charles Goring's
The English Convict
(1913),”
British Journal of Criminology
28 (1988): 315–39.

56
. W. D. Morrison, “The Study of Crime,”
Mind
n.s. 1, no. 4 (October 1892): 489–517.

57
. Ibid., 506, 508.

58
. “Review of
Criminology
by Arthur MacDonald,”
Science
21, no. 523 (February 10, 1893): 83.

59
. Gustave Tarde, “Is There a Criminal Type?,”
Charities Review
6, no. 2 (April 1897): 110.

60
. Dr. H. S. Williams, “Can the Criminal Be Reclaimed?,”
North American Review
163, no. 2 (August 1896): 207–18.

61
. Ibid., 207.

62
. Ibid., 208

63
. Ibid., 210.

64
. Ibid., 211.

65
. Ibid., 212.

66
. Ibid., 213.

67
. Ibid., 217.

68
. Ibid., 213.

69
. Ibid., 216.

70
. Frances Alice Kellor, “Sex in Crime,”
International Journal of Ethics
9, no. 1 (October 1898): 74–85.

71
. Ibid., 76.

72
. Ibid., 81.

73
. Ibid., 82.

74
. Frances A. Kellor, “Psychological and Environmental Study of Women Criminals I,”
The American Journal of Sociology
5, no. 4 (January 1900): 527–43; Frances A. Kellor, “Psychological and Environmental Study of Women Criminals II,”
The American Journal of Sociology
5, no. 5 (March 1900): 671–82.

75
. Kellor, “Psychological and Environmental Study I,” 528.

76
. Kellor, “Psychological and Environmental Study II,” 682.

77
. Kellor, “Psychological and Environmental Study I,” 529.

78
. Ibid., 530.

79
. Ibid., 531.

80
. Ibid., 532.

81
. Ibid., 532.