The Tudors (91 page)

Henry, remembering the restraint
…: That and “Much scratching and by-blows” are in Carolly Erickson,
Anne Boleyn
(Macmillan, 1984), p. 242.

According to one story, she tried
…: Henry’s jousting accident is in Scarisbrick,
Henry VIII
, p. 485, the story of Jane Seymour on the king’s knee in Fraser,
Wives
, p. 233.

All the larger and richer houses
…: Mackie,
Earlier Tudors
, p. 376.

He began to complain that Anne
…: Fraser,
Wives
, p. 233; Mackie,
Earlier Tudors
, p. 379.

On May 19, in the moment before
Fraser,
Wives
, p. 257.

Two days after Anne was found guilty
…: Neville Williams,
Henry VIII
, p. 146.

The information gathered by Cromwell’s visitors
…: Mackie,
Earlier Tudors
, p. 378, put the number of smaller monasteries at 399—372 in England and 27 in Wales—and estimated that 220 of these were eliminated in the first round of suppressions. Writing half a century later, Bernard,
King’s Reformation
, p. 271, put the total at 419 and said 243 were dissolved.

Some of the confiscated land was sold
…: Mackie,
Earlier Tudors
, p. 378.

“We beseech your favor…”:
This letter, and the appeal for the Carmarthan house, are in Gasquet,
Henry and Monasteries
, p. 2:34, giving Chapuys’s reports as source.

The monks inside, informed that
…: Gasquet,
Henry and Monasteries
, p. 2:37.

After comparing Henry not only to Richard III
…: Bernard,
King’s Reformation
, p. 220.

He wrote to Mary, calling her
Lingard,
History of England
, p. 5:80.

Still later, sufficiently rehabilitated
Neville Williams,
Henry VIII
, p. 152.

In a truly extraordinary step
Mackie,
Earlier Tudors
, p. 381.

Even today scholars disagree
Bernard,
King’s Reformation
, p. 281, says
that the Articles expressed Henry’s search for a “middle way.” Elton,
England Under
, p. 153, says similarly that they were a “compromise” between the demands of conservatives and evangelicals. By contrast Guy,
Tudor England
, p. 179, emphasizes their “reformed” character, and Scarisbrick,
Henry VIII
, p. 399, their “Lutheran” content. But Mackie,
Earlier Tudors
, p. 382, notes that even Reginald Pole found little to object to in them.

This is unmistakable in the preface
Bernard,
King’s Reformation
, p. 277.

The dedication offered to that king
Neville Williams,
Henry VIII
, p. 162; Penry Williams,
The Tudor Regime
(Oxford, 1979), p. 361.

Sixteenth-century Europe was a world
See Alison Sim,
Food and Feast in Tudor England
(Sutton, 1997).

The story of how
Succinct but detailed accounts of the Pilgrimage of Grace are in Bernard,
King’s Reformation
, p. 293; Scarisbrick,
Henry VIII
, p. 339; and Lingard,
History of England
, p. 5:82. Moorhouse,
Pilgrimage of Grace
, is of course a much fuller account.

This was in no way unusual…:
Mackie,
Earlier Tudors
, p. 387.

Wherever such men fell into the hands…:
Bernard,
King’s Reformation
, p. 306.

The king denounced Lincolnshire
Scarisbrick,
Henry VIII
, p. 342.

He would have been overwhelmed
Mackie,
Earlier Tudors
, p. 388.

Meanwhile King Henry, whose situation
Scarisbrick,
Henry VIII
, p. 343.

Aske received a letter from the king
Words from the letters exchanged by Henry and Aske are in Gasquet,
Henry and Monasteries
, p. 2:131.

When they finished in mid-July
Extensive treatments of the
Institution
are in Scarisbrick,
Henry VIII
, p. 399, and Bernard,
King’s Reformation
, p. 475.

The evangelicals hated much of it…:
The bishops’ groveling preface, and the message from the king, are in Scarisbrick,
Henry VIII
, p. 404.

The Bishops’ Book as first published
Henry’s changes are in Scarisbrick,
Henry VIII
, p. 405.

A more plausible explanation is…:
Chris Skidmore,
Edward VI: The Lost King of England
(Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2007), p. 19.

In rather short order he was reported
Erickson,
Great Harry
, p. 282.

Such memories were freshened by
Mackie,
Earlier Tudors
, p. 397.

His once-powerful constitution
Perspectives on Henry’s health problems are in Smith,
Mask of Power
, pp. 15 and 264; Erickson,
Great Harry
, pp. 328 and 360; and Scarisbrick,
Henry VIII
, p. 485.

But he was a frail reed
…: Smith,
Mask of Power
, p. 94.

But Henry proved a dangerous partner
…: The story of the near-arrest of Catherine Parr is in Fraser,
Wives
, p. 388.

A farce was played out…:
Lingard,
History of England
, p. 5:189.

The valuables hauled away
Mackie,
Earlier Tudors
, p. 396.

Quite apart from the colossal sums…:
Lingard,
History of England
, p. 5:97.
294 He would be able to expand the ranks
Ibid., p. 5:99.

In the last eight or nine years…:
Mackie,
Earlier Tudors
, p. 400.

He squandered his riches at home first…:
Guy,
Tudor England
, p. 184.

The French and Scottish campaigns…:
The financial figures in this paragraph are all from Guy,
Tudor England
, p. 192.

Students of the subject have calculated
Lingard,
History of England
, p. 5:195.

In 1542 Henry borrowed £112,000
The forced loans of this period are in Mackie,
Earlier Tudors
, p. 411. The financial consequences of the campaigns in France are in Elton,
England Under
, p. 198, and Scarisbrick,
Henry VIII
, p. 453.

Next Henry demanded and got…:
Smith,
Mask of Power
, p. 244.

Two London aldermen dared to object…
: Lingard,
History of England
, p. 5:193, and Mackie,
Earlier Tudors
, p. 411.

Foreign loans totaled some £272,000
Mackie,
Earlier Tudors
, p. 413.

Soon its coins were only half gold
Erickson,
Great Harry
, p. 352.

Henry reaped £373,000
Smith,
Mask of Power
, p. 172.

Prices rose some 25 percent…:
The inflation rate and the “holy anchor” quote are in Erickson,
Great Harry
, p. 353.

Under this law, anyone who “lived idly…”:
Hoskins,
Age of Plunder
, p. 106.
298 Those impressed into bondage in this way
Lingard,
History of England
, p. 5:258.

The king’s word literally became law
Ibid., p. 5:129.

The penalty in connection with these doctrines…:
Ibid.

Thus in 1543 he drew out of Parliament…:
The Act for the Advancement of True Religion, with the condemnation of Tyndale’s translation, is in Mackie,
Earlier Tudors
, p. 429, and Lingard,
History of England
, p. 5:159.

It was not to be opened by “prentices
…”: Guy,
Tudor England
, p. 194.

Almost simultaneously with the Act
…: Scarisbrick,
Henry VIII
, pp. 399 and 407.

Angrily, even tearfully, he complained
Mackie,
Earlier Tudors
, p. 433, and Lingard,
History of England
, p. 5:202.

Still later it was reported
Bernard,
King’s Reformation
, pp. 157 and 489.

In the same year that Forest perished
…: Erickson,
Great Harry
, p. 294.

“Answer neither out of St. Augustine
…”: Smith,
Mask of Power
, p. 154.

On December 6 Montague and Exeter
Erickson,
Great Harry
, p. 288.

Contrary to what has often been asserted
…: Bernard,
King’s Reformation
, p. 574; Guy,
Tudor England
, pp. 178 and 186; and Scarisbrick,
Henry VIII
, p. 376.

The endlessly useful Richard Rich
Neville Williams,
Henry VIII
, p.195.
308 “No,” she said, “my head never
…”: Lingard,
History of England
, p. 5:126.
308 The executioner had to chase her
…: Fraser,
Wives
, p. 342.
308 Every place of habitation was to be destroyed
…: Erickson,
Great Harry
, p. 334.

This time he demolished
…: Data about the destruction in Scotland and the quote about Henry’s “not misliking” the plan to assassinate Beaton are in Lingard,
History of England
, p. 5:184.

Erickson, Carrolly
.
Bloody Mary: The Life of Mary Tudor
. Robson, 1995.

Loades, D. M
.
Mary Tudor
. National Archives, 2006.

______.
Two Tudor Conspiracies
. Cambridge, 1965.

MacCulloch, Diarmaid
.
Tudor Church Militant: Edward VI and the Protestant Reformation
. Penguin, 1999.

Skidmore, Chris
.
Edward VI: The Lost King of England
. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2007.

Wilson, Derek
.
The Uncrowned Kings of England: The Black Legend of the Dudleys
. Constable, no date given.

The main points of dispute were familiar…:
Religious divisions as of the start of Edward’s reign are examined in MacCulloch,
Church Militant
, pp. 2 and 63; Skidmore,
Edward VI
, p. 7; and Mackie,
Earlier Tudors
, p. 426.

This had become more true than ever
The difficulties faced by the more ambitious reformers late in Henry’s reign are addressed in Smith,
Mask of Power
, pp. 147 and 159, and Mackie,
Earlier Tudors
, p. 429.

Even if they had been left free to express…:
MacCulloch,
Church Militant
, p. 59.

Surrey, whose hopes for a military career
Mackie,
Earlier Tudors
, p. 420.

They ensnared Gardiner in a clumsy
Scarisbrick,
Henry VIII
, p. 490.

It was by no means clear that the jury
Mackie,
Earlier Tudors
, p. 422.

Thereafter Norfolk, in an effort…
:
DNB
entry on Thomas Howard, third Duke of Norfolk.

So was anyone too closely
Henry’s rejection and distrust of Gardiner is in Erickson,
Great Harry
, p. 371.

It is not certain that this was a usurpation
Lingard,
History of England
, p. 5:235.

He was given four manors
…:
DNB
entry for Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset.

Overall this splendid payday
Guy,
Tudor England
, p. 199.

He also empowered himself to assemble
Skidmore,
Edward VI
, p. 66.

Edward was a lad of above-average intelligence
Skidmore,
Edward VI
, p. 62, and Lingard,
History of England
, p. 5:237.

“Peace and concord” were promised
Skidmore,
Edward VI
, p. 61.

It was, “as God’s viceregent and Christ’s vicar…”:
Lingard,
History of England
, p. 5:238.

It is more pathetic than impressive
…: Skidmore
, …: Edward VI
, p. 149.

The coronation of the new king…:
MacCulloch,
Church Militant
, p. 126, and Skidmore,
Edward VI
, p. 69.

Even more provocatively, the visitors
…: Lingard,
History of England
, p. 5:251; MacCulloch,
Church Militant
, p. 70; and Skidmore,
Edward VI
, p. 89.

In the six years following Henry VIII’s death
…: The numbers in this paragraph are from Guy,
Tudor England
, p. 203.

Statistical precision is impossible
…: Ibid., p. 204.

According to various reports he set his sights…:
Skidmore,
Edward VI
, p. 71.

At Seymour’s direction, Edward wrote a letter…: DNB
entry for Thomas Seymour.

Gardiner, accused of disobeying his instructions…:
Lingard,
History of England
, p. 5:264.

The number of bishops who followed
…: Mackie,
Earlier Tudors
, p. 518.

It would also explain his fumbling
Skidmore,
Edward VI
, p. 113, and Roger Turvey and Nigel Heard,
Edward VI and Mary
(Hodder Murray, 2006), p. 48.

Though they accomplished little or nothing
Skidmore,
Edward VI
, p. 91.

None of which might have mattered
…: Lingard,
History of England
, p. 5:285.

In Devon in the far west
…: MacCulloch,
Church Militant
, pp. 43 and 119, and Guy,
Tudor England
, p. 208.