The Vikings: A Very Short Introduction (20 page)

A. Wawn,
The Vikings and the Victorians: Inventing the Old North in
19th-Century Britain
(D. S. Brewer, 2000)
Further rea

ding

139

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Index

archaeological fakes
124–9

Århus (Norway)
44

aristocracy
9, 30, 32, 33, 34, 36

A

arm rings
53, 81, 82–3

Arnarsson, Ingólfr
99

Adaldag, archbishop of

Aryan culture
124

Hamburg-Bremen
25

Asvaldsson, Thorvald
108

Adam of Bremen
23, 25, 109

Atlee, Clement
121

Adelsö, island of (Sweden)
41

Ælfred, king of England
37, 63,

64, 123

B

Ælla
73

Ballantine, Robert Michael,

Æsir (family of gods)
20

Erling the Bold
122

afterlife
22, 26,
see also

Baltic Sea
9, 17, 54

Valhalla

Bardarson, Ivar
113

Aggersborg fortification

Baring-Gould, Sabine,
Grettir

(Jutland)
14

the Outlaw
122

agriculture
30, 31, 32, 98

Barrett, James
96

Greenland
107, 115

barrows
27, 124

Iceland
102–4

Bayeux tapestry
47, 52

Norway
15, 35, 36

bearing dials
52

Shetland
95,
see also

Beginish Island (Ireland)
81

farmsteads

Bergen (Norway)
45

Alcuin
25, 47

Bersu, Gerhard
85

Alexander III, king of Scotland

Biddle, Martin
73

84

Birka (Sweden)
17, 22, 25, 26,

Althing (Icelandic Parliament)

27, 28, 41–2, 44, 118

99, 104

Birsay (Orkney)
91

amulets
21, 24, 30, 34

Bjarni Herjolfsson
109

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
2, 63

Björkö, island of (Sweden)
41

Anglo-Saxons
63, 81, 119, 123

Black Death
114

Angsar (missionary monk)
25,

blacksmiths
31, 36

28

Blekinge, island of (Denmark)

animal:

9

husbandry
80, 103–4, 107

‘blood-eagle’ ritual
73

ornament
19, 20

boats
47–50, 58,
see also

sacrifice
23, 24, 72, 85

longships

Arabic coinage
30, 58

Borg excavations (Norway)
36,

Arabs
57

37–8

141

bridge building
14, 27–8, 55

Cambrensis, Giraldus
79

Britain
54, 119, 121–3

Canada
109–13, 128

Brittany
56

caribou
107, 114

Brown, Ford Madox
121

Carlyle, Thomas,
On Heroes,

burials:

Hero-Worship and the

barrow
27, 124

Heroic in History
122–3

boat
42, 44, 47–8, 56, 58, 60,

Carolingian Empire
25, 55, 56,

85, 89, 92–4, 100, 118

98

chamber graves
42, 43, 58

Celtic culture
78, 86

Christian
26, 74–5

cemeteries
32

cist
27, 86

in Denmark
15

in Denmark
14

in Dublin
79

DNA from excavated
132

Isle of Man
86

in England
70–2, 74–5

in Norway
44, 124

in the Hebrides
89

pre-Viking
18

Hiberno-Norse
79, 80

in Sweden
26–7, 42,
see also
in Iceland
100, 102

burials

on the Isle of Man
85

Charlemagne, Emperor
12

s

19th century excavations of

Charles the Bald
55

g

118

Chester
67, 68

kinVi

Norse
35

chieftains
9, 32, 33, 34

in Orkney
92–4

gift exchange economy
12,

pre-Christian
21–3

35, 53–4, 81

in Russia
58–9, 60

lifestyle
36–8

Saami
18, 35

military levy
50, 52

in Shetland
95

redistributive economy
35

in Sweden
43

Chlochillaich, King
10

in Wales
82, 84

Christianity
9, 45, 74–5, 82, 91,

warrior
22, 85, 92,
see also

124

cemeteries; grave goods

conversion to
14, 19

Burne-Jones, Edward
121

Greenland
115

Byzantium (later

and mythology
86, 121

Constantinople)
17, 34,

Christiansen, Eric
40

57, 58, 61

churches
27–8, 74–6, 86, 91,

94, 107, 113, 115

climate change
104, 105, 114

C

Clinton, Hilary
128–9

Cabot, John
113

Cnut, king of Denmark and

Caithness
90

England
4, 13, 14

142

coinage
30, 33, 40, 43, 45, 53,

David’s, St (Wales)
82

54, 56, 57, 94

De Mensura Orbis Terrae

Anglo-Scandinavian
81, 83

(Dicuill)
98

Arabic
58, 83

Denmark
4, 8–9, 12–14, 16, 17

Carolingian
83

Christian conversion
24, 25

Northumbrian
67, 83

and England
13, 64–8

York
68

genetics survey
131

Collingwood, William
122

pre-Christian burials
22, 23

colonization
6, 17, 52–116, 133

rune stones
27

Colonsay, island of (Hebrides)

settlement patterns
29–34

89

Skuldelev boat finds
48–50

Constantine, Emperor
61

transition burials
26

Copenhagen, battle of (1809)

Viking revival in
118–19

118

Dicuil
98

Cottam site, East Yorkshire
67

Doepler, Carl Emil
120

craft industries
30, 31, 33, 34,

Domesday Book (1086)
66

40, 43, 44, 45, 60

dragon-ships
52

boat building
50–1

du Chaillu, Paul B.
5

exchange of
13

Dublin
5, 49, 53, 74, 77, 78–9,

Index

Russia
61

81,
see also
Ireland

Wales
83

cremation
22–3, 26–7, 44, 58,

72, 85, 102

E

Cuerdale hoard, Lancashire
53

East Anglia
63, 64, 81

cult places
24, 30

Egils Saga
70, 104

Cumbria
71, 121, 122

Eirik the Red
106, 108

Cumwhitton cemetery

Eirik’s Saga
108, 109, 113

(Cumbria)
71

Eiriksson, Leif
108, 109, 111,

Curle, Alexander
94

128

Cyngen of Powys
82

Eiriksson, Thorwald
108, 109

Ejsbøl excavation, Jutland
12

England
6, 63–76, 123

D

Christianization
74–5

Dahl, Sverri
97

and Denmark
13, 64–8

Danegeld
56

genetics survey
131–2

Danelaw
64, 65, 66

trade with Sweden
17

Danevirke, Denmark
13, 14, 42

Viking raids on
5, 47, 55, 56

Danicorum Monumentorum

Eoforwic
see
York

(Ole Worm)
117

equestrian equipment
34, 85

143

Erik Bloodaxe, king of Norway

Fyrkat fortification (Jutland)

17, 70, 82

14, 15, 16, 21

exchange
12, 30, 35, 53–4, 81

G

F

Gaelic culture
84, 88–9, 98,

Færeyinga Saga
98

100

farmsteads
35

Gaul
10

England
67, 70

Geijer, Erik Gustaf,
The Viking

Greenland
107, 116

118

Hebrides
89–90

genetics survey
131–2

Iceland
102–3,
see also

Germany
8, 123–4

agriculture

gift exchange economy
12, 35,

Faroes, colonization of
6, 17,

53–4, 81

97–8

Gnezdovo (Russia)
61

feasting
34, 36, 38, 52

Godfred, king of Denmark
12,

Fenrir the wolf
86

13, 42, 44

festivals
1, 23

Godred Crovan, king of

s

feudalism
32

Norway
84

g

Finland
8, 118

gods
12, 20, 21, 22, 24, 34, 72,

kinVi
fishing
36, 95, 96, 103, 110

120, 122

flax cultivation
31, 95

Gokstad boat burial (Norway)

fortifications
16, 21, 31, 55

47

Denmark
13, 14–15

goldsmiths
30, 33

England
68

Gorm the Old, king of

Hiberno-Norse
78, 80–1

Denmark
13, 14, 16, 25

Norway
35

Gotar (Sweden)
17

Russia
60

Gothic Society (Sweden)
118

town
41, 42–3, 67

Gotland, island of (Sweden)
17,

Wales
83

30, 48

Frankia
5, 25, 55, 56

government
5, 9, 84, 99, 104

Frankish Annals
12, 42

Gräslund, Anne-Sofie
26

Freyja (goddess)
20, 21, 24

grave-goods
5, 23

Freyr (god)
20, 24, 72

amulets
24

Frisia (modern Netherlands)

Christian objects
25–6

25, 55

diplomatic gifts
12

Frösön, island of (Sweden)
23

in Dublin burials
79

Fyn, island of (Denmark)
9, 14,

in England
70, 71, 72

15, 30

in Iceland
102

144

in the Isle of Man
85

Shetland
95

jewellery
58, 71, 79, 92

Sweden
41–2

in Orkney
92, 94

Hamwic (Southampton)
68

in Russia
58

Hansen, Stefan Stumann
95

seiôr
21–2

Harald Bluetooth, king of

in ship burials
56

Denmark
13, 14, 15, 16, 24,

transition
27

25

weaponry
23, 70, 72, 79, 85,

Haraldr Finehair, king of

94

Vestfold
17, 70, 98, 99

grave memorials
74, 82, 86,

Haraldr Hardrada, king of

122

Norway
6

Great Army cemeteries,

Harthacnut, king of England

Repton
71–3

6, 33

green politics
121

Hawkes, Jacquetta
132

Greenland
6, 17, 52, 106–8, 126

Heath Wood war cemetery

abandonment of
113–16, 129

(Mercia)
72

and North America
108–13

Hebrides
6, 17, 84, 88–90, 131

Greenlanders’ Saga
109, 113

Hedeby, Denmark
34, 36, 37,

Gregory of Tours,
History of

42–3, 50–1, 80, 124

Index

the Franks
10

Heimskringla
(Snorri

Grundtvig, Nikolai,
Northern

Sturluson)
104

Mythology
118

Helgö (Sweden)
30

Gudme settlement (Fyn)
30

Herigar (prefect of Birka)
25

Gunnhild, Queen
70

hermits
97, 98, 99

GUS (Gård Under Sandet),

Heruli tribe
12

Greenland
107, 116

Hiberno-Norse Vikings
5, 53,

68, 74, 77–81, 100

H

Historia Norvegiae
114

hoards
30, 35, 53, 54, 81, 82–3

Hákon, king of Norway
104

Hofstaôir, Iceland
23

Halgoland (Norway)
16

hogback tombstones
74, 82

Halland, island of (Denmark)

Holland
51