The Year that Changed the World (39 page)

rise of opposition,
152
–153,
158

Dubcek, Alexander,
45
,
177
,
186
–187,
226

Duberstein, Kenneth,
11

Dukakis, Michael,
39
–40

East Berlin

fall of Berlin Wall,
5
–9,
65
–76,
88
–94,
165
–173,
203
–204

Jubilee of 1989 and,
115
,
147
–152

May Day (1989),
65
–66,
69
–70,
228

refugees from GDR and,
119
–120,
160
–161

rise of opposition,
158
See also
Berlin; German Democratic Republic (GDR)

Eastern Europe

collapse of communism throughout,
41
–42,
48
,
54
,
62
,
173
–174,
204

revolutions in,
14
,
84
,
216

Soviet withdrawal from,
12
,
38
–39,
91
See also names of specific countries

East Germany.
See
German Democratic Republic (GDR)

East Side Gallery (Berlin),
204

Eberlein, Werner,
148

Edge of the Forest, The
(Bailey),
223

Eisenhower, Dwight D.,
22
,
224

Elizabeth, Queen,
106

El Salvador civil war, impact of,
23

Engels, Friedrich,
34

entry visas,
101
–102,
113

European Bank for Reconstruction and Development,
207

European Community (EC),
229

European Union, Cold War and,
21

“Evil Empire,” collapse of,
2
,
14
,
215
–216

exit visas,
8
–9,
118
,
165
,
168

Fall of the Berlin Wall, The
(Buckley),
223

Fall of the Wall, The
(BBC-Spiegel TV documentary),
228
,
231
,
232
,
234
,
235

Farocki, Harun,
236

Faust's Metropolis
(Richie),
25

Federalist Papers,
29

Federal Republic of Germany.
See
West Germany

Fidesz (League of Young Democrats),
32

Filep, Maria,
97
–98

Fischer, Benjamin,
227

Fischer, Joschka,
231

Fischer, Oskar,
91
,
113
–114,
231

Foreign Affairs,
236
–237

Fourteen Points,
229

Freedom Train,
123
–124,
133
–134,
142
–143,
152
–153,
154

Free German Youth,
157

free speech,
106
,
206

Freie Deutsche Jugend (Free German Youth),
66
,
147

Fried, Daniel,
231

Friedman, Milton,
34
,
184

frontier guards,
97
–104,
159
–160

Fulda Gap,
18
,
76
–77,
210
,
227
–228

Funder, Anna,
224

Gabal, Ivan,
179
,
233
,
236

Gabalova, Zdenka,
175
–176,
180
,
236

Gallagher, Tom,
236

Gati, Charles,
39
,
224

GDR.
See
German Democratic Republic (GDR)

Geiffert, Hans,
153

Gelb, Leslie H.,
219
,
238

Geldbach, Anita,
19

Generation Gap,
22

Genscher, Hans-Dietrich,
229
,
231
–232,
236

attitudes toward German reunification,
23

nuclear deterrence and,
72
,
74
–76

refugees from GDR and,
104
–105,
115
,
123
–124

George Bush Library and Museum (College Station, Texas),
211
–212

Georgia

pro-democracy movements in,
99
See also
Soviet Union, former

Gerasimov, Gennady,
150

Geremek, Bronislaw,
47
,
53
,
59
–60,
225
,
233

German Democratic Republic (GDR)

attitudes toward German reunification,
23
–28

Berlin Wall.
See
Berlin Wall

closes borders,
142

denouement,
203
–204

economic problems of,
114
,
117
,
125
,
133
–135,
137
,
143
,
157
,
160
–161,
164
–165

fall of,
163
–174,
203
–205

fall of Berlin Wall and,
5
–10,
65
–76,
88
–94

impact of Berlin Wall in,
16
–19,
24
–26

Jubilee of 1989 and,
66
,
115
,
135
,
147
–152

Pan-European Picnic (1989) and,
97
–104,
106
,
116
,
124
,
144
,
231
–232

refugees from,
8
–9,
16
–17,
24
,
27
,
66
,
97
–105,
113
–126,
133
–135,
142
–143,
159
–161

reopening of border with Czechoslovakia,
158
–159

rise of opposition,
152
–161

September
11
, 1989 border opening,
113
–126

travel laws,
8
–9,
98
,
101
–102,
113
,
118
,
121
,
157
,
158
–160,
163
–170

Germany.
See
German Democratic Republic (GDR); West Germany

Germany Unified and Europe Transformed
(Zelikow and Rice),
227
,
229
,
231

Geyer, Georgie Ann,
222

Givens, Robin,
39

glasnost (openness),
4
,
12
,
29
–30,
37
,
157

Gorbachev, Mikhail

background of,
11

Cold War and,
22
,
70
,
237
–238

Czech Velvet Revolution (1989) and,
183

fall of Berlin Wall and,
70
–75,
91
–93,
204

GDR Jubilee of 1989 and,
135
,
147
–152

glasnost (openness),
4
,
12
,
29
–30,
37
,
157

Honecker and,
27
,
66

Hungary and,
55
–58,
60
–61,
70
–71,
73
,
141
,
226
–228

Nobel Peace Prize,
204

nuclear deterrence/disarmament and,
12
–13,
55
–58,
60
–63,
75
,
207
,
229

perestroika (reform) and,
4
,
12
–13,
29
–30,
37
,
71
,
157
,
222
–223,
227

Poland and,
45
,
81

Pozsgay compared with,
33
–34

reaches out to other countries,
12
–13,
27
–28,
75
,
233
–234

Reagan's Berlin Wall speech (1987),
2
–5,
9
–14,
215

refugees from GDR and,
113
–114

rise of,
11
–14,
25

rise of opposition in GDR,
153
–155,
159

socialism and,
56

U.S.-Soviet relations and,
60
–63,
75
,
226
–228

at Warsaw Pact summit (Bucharest; 1989),
91
–95

Gorbachev, Raisa,
12

Gorbimania,
4

Göttingen,
19

Grand Hotel Europa (Prague),
180

Great Dictator,
109

Great Escape,
113
–126,
144
,
159
–161,
232

Greene, Graham,
21

Gromyko, Andrey,
12

Grosz, Karoly

demotion of,
88
,
93

fall of communism in Hungary and,
66
–67,
73
,
224
,
230
–231

as head of Hungarian socialist party,
31
,
33
,
38
,
41
,
55
–57,
226
–228

Pan-European Picnic (1989) and,
101

reburial of Imre Nagy and,
85
–88

Guatemalan conflict, impact of,
23

Guse, Stefan,
197
–198

Habsburg, Otto von,
97
–104,
116

Hackenberg, Helmut,
155
,
234

Hager, Kurt,
117
,
120
,
134

Hajdu, Tabor,
224

Halberstam, David,
237

Hall, Richard Andrew,
198
,
236

Harvard Business School,
28
,
32

Haunted Land, The
(Rosenberg),
225

Havel, Vaclav,
135
–143,
233
,
236

as dissident of dissidents,
36
,
136
–138,
177
–178

Nobel Peace Prize and,
135

as president of Czechoslovakia,
205
–206

Velvet Revolution (1989) and,
177
,
178
,
181
–182,
183
–190

works of,
136
–137,
206

Hayward, Steven,
221
–222

Hegyeshalom border crossing,
70

Helgerson, John,
62

Hendrickson, David C.,
237

Higgs, Robert,
224

High Noon
(film),
79

Hitler, Adolf,
15
–16,
28
,
69
,
90
,
210
–211

Honecker, Erich (Papi)

background of,
90

collapse of GDR and,
133
–135,
137
–138,
164
–165,
172
,
204
,
228
,
230
–231,
232
,
234

construction of Berlin Wall,
16
–17,
66
,
68

fall of Berlin Wall,
65
–66,
69
–70,
88
–94,
172

Freedom Train “solution,”
123
–124,
133
–134,
142
–143,
152
–153,
154

Jubilee of 1989,
66
,
115
,
135
,
147
–152

Pan-European Picnic (1989) and,
101
,
104
,
105

police state under,
24
–28

refugees from GDR and,
110
,
113
–115,
117
,
120
–124

rise of opposition,
152
–161

at Warsaw Pact summit (Bucharest; 1989),
92
–94

Hormats, Robert,
238

Horn, Gyula,
72
,
100
,
104
–105,
113
,
116

Horton, Willie,
40

Horvath, Istvan,
38
,
72
–73,
99
,
101
,
114

Hotel Victoria (Warsaw),
129
–130

How Ronald Reagan Changed My Life
(Robinson),
10
,
222

Hrusinsky, Rudolf,
185

human rights,
113
,
129
,
136
,
197
,
205
,
214

Hungarian Democratic Forum,
31
–32

Hungarian Socialist Workers Party,
31
,
233
,
234

Hungary

G. H. W. Bush visits,
95
,
232

democracy in,
29
–32,
41
,
55
–58,
110
,
230
–231

denouement,
206
–207

fall of Berlin Wall and,
8
,
66
–74,
90
,
91
,
224

fall of communism in,
28
,
29
–39,
41
–42,
46
,
61
,
66
–74,
125
,
128
,
137
,
139
–140,
143
–145,
206
–207,
228
–229,
233
,
236

Gorbachev and,
55
–58,
60
–61,
70
–71,
73
,
141
,
226
–228

nuclear warheads in,
57
,
207

Pan-European Picnic (1989) and,
97
–104,
231
–232

reburial of Imre Nagy,
84
–88