Thomas Jefferson's Qur'an: Islam and the Founders (78 page)

115.
For documentation of attacks on Obama’s loyalty and citizenship, see Bill Press,
The Obama Hate Machine: The Lies, Distortions, and Personal Attacks on the President and Who Is Behind Them
(New York: St. Martin’s, 2012), 75–76, 137–71. For an example of this Islamic conspiracy, see B. J. Armstrong,
Is Barack Hussein Obama “Claiming America” for Islam? Obama’s Ancestry vs. America & Christianity
(2011).

116.
This report includes data beginning in 2008; “Growing Number of Americans Say Obama Is a Muslim,” Pew Research Center, August 18, 2010,
http://www.pew forum.org/Politics-and-Elections/Growing-Number-of-Americans-Say-Obama-is-a-Muslim.aspx
.

117.
Quoted in Jonathan Marin and Amie Parnes, “McCain: Obama Not an Arab, Crowd Boos,”
Politico
, October 10, 2008,
http://politico.com/news/stories/1008/14479.html
.

118.
This incident has been analyzed by Sherman A. Jackson, “Muslims, Islam(s), Race and American Islamophobia”; Juan Cole, “Islamophobia in American Foreign Policy Rhetoric”; and Mohamed Nimer, “Islamophobia and Anti-Americanism: Measurements, Dynamics, and Consequences,” all in
Islamophobia
, ed. Esposito and Kalin, 103–4, 135–38.

119.
Andrea Elliott, “Muslim Voters Detect a Snub from Obama,”
New York Times
, June 24, 2008,
www.nytimes.com/2008/06/24/us/politics/24muslim.html
.

120.
President Barack Obama, “Remarks by the President on a New Beginning,” Cairo, Egypt, June 4, 2009,
www.whitehouse.gov/blog/NewBeginnings/transcripts
.

121.
Campbell Brown, “Commentary: So What If Obama Were a Muslim or an Arab?”
CNN Politics
, October 13, 2008,
www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/10/13/campbell.brown.obama/
.

122.
Ibid.

123.
Elliott, “Muslim Voters Detect a Snub from Obama.”

124.
Brown, “So What If Obama Were a Muslim or an Arab?”

125.
Quoted in Robert Mackey, “More on the Soldier Kareem R. Khan,”
The Lede
blog,
New York Times
, October 19, 2008.

126.
Elliot,
Debates
, 4:215.

127.
Josh Gerstein, “Poll: 46% of GOP Thinks Obama’s Muslim,”
Politico
, August 19, 2010,
http://www.politico.com/blogs/joshgerstein/0810/Poll_46_of_GOP_thinks_Obamas_Muslim.html
.

128.
The two scholars are Brendan Nyhan and Jason Reifler, as cited by David A. Graham, “The Problem with Polls about Whether Obama Is a Muslim,”
Atlantic
, March 2012,
http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2012/03/the-problem-with-polls-about-whether-obama-is-a-muslim/254380/
.

129.
The scholar is Julian Sanchez, cited ibid.

130.
Papers of Thomas Jefferson
, 2:545–46.

131.
Nimer, “Islamophobia and Anti-Americanism,” in
Islamophobia
, ed. Esposito and Kalin, 82–84.

132.
David Weigel, “Perry Dodges the Sharia Bullet,”
Slate
, August 19, 2011,
http://www.slate.com/blogs/weigel/2011/08/19/perry_dodges_the_sharia_bullet.html
.

133.
Quoted ibid.

134.
Quoted in Justin Elliott, “Rick Perry: The Pro-Shariah Candidate?”
Salon
, August 10, 2011,
http://www.salon.com/2011/08/10/rick_perry_muslims/
; Weigel, “Perry Dodges the Sharia Bullet”; Glen Rose, “Is Rick Perry Upholding Shariah Law in Texas? Halal Food Law HB 470-2003,”
Salon
, August 20, 2011,
http://salon.glenrose.net?view=plink&id=14147
.

135.
Quoted in Terrence Dopp, “Christie Defends Muslim Pick for New Jersey Judge, Calls Critics ‘Crazies,’ ”
Bloomberg
, August 5, 2011,
http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-08-05/christie-defends-muslim-pick-for-new-jersey-judge-calls-critics-crazies-.html
.

136.
Amanda Terkel, “Newt Gingrich: I’d Support a Muslim Running for President Only If They’d Commit to ‘Give Up Sharia,’ ”
Huffington Post
, January 17, 2012;
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/17/newt-gingrich-muslim-president-sharia_n_
; “Michele Bachmann: Sharia Law Would ‘Usurp’ the U.S. Constitution,”
Huffington Post
, November 3, 2011,
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/11/03/michele-bachmann-sharia-law-constitution-_n_1074009.html
.

137.
“Gingrich: I’d Support a Muslim Only If.”

138.
Andrea Elliott, “The Man Behind the Anti-Shariah Movement,”
New York Times
, July 30, 2011,
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/31/us/31shariah.html?pagewanted=all
.

139.
Quoting the assertion of reporter Andrea Elliott, ibid.

140.
Anver Emon, “Banning Shari‘a,”
The Immanent Frame
, September 9, 2011, Social Science Research Council,
http://blogs.ssrc.org/tif/2011/09/06/banning-shari‘a/
.

141.
Ibid.

142.
Elliott, “The Man Behind the Anti-Shariah Movement.”

143.
Ibid.

144.
Emon, “Banning Shari‘a.”

145.
Elliott, “The Man Behind the Anti-Shariah Movement.”

146.
William G. “Jerry” Boykin and Harry Edward Soyster et al.,
Shariah: The Threat to America
, Center for Security Policy, September 13, 2010,
http://www.shariahthethreat.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Shariah-The-Threat-to-America-Team-B-Report-Web-09292010.pdf
.

147.
Quoted in Erik Eckholm, “General Withdraws from West Point Talk,”
New York Times
, January 30, 2012.

148.
Boykin and Soyster,
Shariah
, 4.

149.
Ibid., 5.

150.
Ibid., 50.

151.
Muhammad Ali Amir-Moezzi, “Dissimulation,” in
Encyclopaedia of the Qur’an
, ed. Jane D. McAuliffe, 6 vols. (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2001), 1:540-42.

152.
Robert Steinback, “The Anti-Muslim Inner Circle,”
Intelligence Report
, no. 142 (Summer 2011), Southern Poverty Law Center.

153.
Andrew F. March,
Islam and Liberal Citizenship: The Search for an Overlapping Consensus
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 262.

154.
Martha Nussbaum,
The New Religious Intolerance
(Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University, 2012), 148.

155.
John Esposito also raises this point in
What Everyone Needs to Know About Islam
, 162.

156.
Muneer Awad v. Paul Ziriax et al.
(112 KB) No. 10-6273 (10th Cir. January 10, 2012) (unpublished) (available at
http://www.ca10.uscourts.gov/opinions/10/10-6273.pdf
).

157.
Ibid.

158.
Emon, “Banning Shari‘a”; Nussbaum,
New Religious Intolerance
, 11–12. For insightful historical perspective on the practical role of Sharia law in the United States, see Sadakat Kadri,
Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari‘a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia to the Streets of the Modern Muslim World
(New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2012), 279–81.

159.
“Map—Nationwide Anti-Mosque Activity,” American Civil Liberties Union,
http://www.aclu.org/maps/map-nationwide-anti-mosque-activity
.

160.
Moore,
Al-Mughtaribun
, 117–34.

161.
Imam Feisal Abdul Rauf,
Moving the Mountain: Beyond Ground Zero to a New Vision of Islam in America
(New York: Free Press, 2012), 18.

162.
Nussbaum,
New Religious Intolerance
, 188–202.

163.
Quoted in Robert Hillenbrand, “ ‘The Ornament of the World’: Medieval Cordoba as a Cultural Center,” in
The Legacy of Islamic Spain
, ed. Salma Khadra Jayyusi, 2 vols. (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1994), 1:114, says the origin of this Islamic precedent in Cordoba was in Umayyad Damascus.

164.
Nussbaum,
New Religious Intolerance
, 189.

165.
Ibid., 237.

166.
Robert Steinback, “The Anti-Muslim Inner Circle.”

167.
Nussbaum,
New Religious Intolerance
, 195.

168.
Quoted in Adam Lisberg, “Mayor Bloomberg Stands Up for Mosque,”
New York Daily News
, August 3, 2010,
http://www.nydailynews.com/blogs/dailypolitics/2010/08/bloomberg-stands-up-for-mosque.html
.

169.
“Flushing Remonstrance, 1657,” in
The Sacred Rights of Conscience: Selected Readings on Religious Liberty and Church-State Relations in the American Founding
, ed. Daniel L. Dreisbach and Mark David Hall (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2009), 109.

170.
“Eisenhower’s 1957 Speech at Islamic Center of Washington,” available at:
iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/texttrans/2007/06/20070626154822lnkais0.6946985.html#axzz2NjGVfXDB
. The speech appears in a somewhat redacted form in GhaneaBassiri,
History of Islam in America
, 255–57.

171.
Jane Smith,
Islam in America
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), 168.

172.
For the best analysis of the Cold War and changing American views of Muslims, see Mahmood Mamdani,
Good Muslim, Bad Muslim: America, the Cold War, and the Roots of Terror
(New York: Doubleday, 2004).

173.
Quoted in Frederic J. Frommer, “Ellison Uses Thomas Jefferson’s Quran,”
Washington Post
(Associated Press), January 4, 2007,
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/04/AR2007010401188.html
.

174.
Boykin and Soyster,
Shariah
, 223–24. Frank J. Gaffney Jr. and David Yerushalmi, both listed by the Southern Poverty Law Center as belonging to anti-Islamic hate groups, also contributed to this report; see Steinback, “The Anti-Muslim Inner Circle.”

175.
Boykin and Soyster,
Shariah
, 223–24.

176.
Bryan Fischer, “Islam and the First Amendment: Privileges but Not Rights,”
Rightly Concerned
blog, American Family Association, March 23, 2011,
http://www.afa.net/Blogs/BlogPost.aspx?id=2147504696
. I would like to thank my colleague Kamran Aghaie for drawing my attention to this statement.

177.
“Treaty of Peace and Friendship, signed at Tripoli … ratified by the U.S. June 10, 1797,” in
Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States of America
, ed. Hunter Miller (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1931), 2:365.

178.
“To the Bashaw of Tripoli from President Thomas Jefferson,” May 21, 1801, in
Naval Documents Related to the United States Wars with the Barbary Powers: Naval Operations Including Diplomatic Background from 1785 Through 1801
, 3 vols. (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1939), 1:470; “Thomas Jefferson to Bey of Tunis,” June 28, 1806, in
The Thomas Jefferson Papers Series 1. General Correspondence. 1651–1827
, Library of Congress,
http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mtj.mtjbib016251
, image 303.

179.
Fischer, “Islam and the First Amendment.”

180.
“To Thomas Jefferson Smith from Thomas Jefferson,” February 21, 1825, in
The Life and Selected Writings of Thomas Jefferson
, ed. Adrienne Koch and William Peden (New York: Modern Library, 1998), 655.

181.
Ellison, “Choose Generosity, Not Exclusion.” In June 2012 Congressman Ellison’s loyalties were attacked by Republican congresswoman
Michele Bachmann and four congressional colleagues from the Republican Party, who baselessly claimed that the American Muslim congressman was somehow in league with the country’s enemies, specifically the Muslim Brotherhood; see Tomer Ovadia, “Rep. Keith Ellison: Michele Bachmann ‘Wanted Attention,’ ”
Politico
, July 20, 2012,
http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0712/78784.html
.

182.
Papers of Thomas Jefferson
, 1:544.

183.
Thomas Helwys,
The Mistery of Iniquity
(London: Kingsgate Press, 1935), 69.

184.
Roger Williams,
The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution
, ed. Samuel L. Caldwell, vol. 3 of
The Complete Writings of Roger Williams
(New York: Russell and Russell, 1963), 142.