Wallach's Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests: Pathways to Arriving at a Clinical Diagnosis (1090 page)

Suggested Reading

Levin B, Lieberman DA, McFarland B, et al. Screening and Surveillance for the Early Detection of Colorectal Cancer and Adenomatous Polyps, 2008: A Joint Guideline from the American Cancer Society, the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer, and the American College of Radiology.
CA Cancer J Clin.
2008;58:130–160.

OPIATES

See opioids.

OPIOIDS
*

   Definition

   Opioids are natural and semisynthetic alkaloids prepared from opium and synthetic compounds whose pharmacologic properties, rather than structure, mimic morphine.

   Specific names: heroin, codeine, morphine, oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, buprenorphine, methadone, meperidine, propoxyphene (withdrawn from the US market), nalbuphine, fentanyl, levorphanol, butorphanol, pentazocine, tapentadol, tramadol.

   There is no single test that will screen for/confirm all the opioids listed.

   
Normal range:
drug and use dependent.

   Use

   Treatment of pain, usually moderate to severe

   Preoperative sedation

   Postoperative analgesia and surgical and medical emergencies including myocardial infarction, trauma, burns, orthopedic pain

   Management of chronic pain associated with cancer

   Antitussive and antidiarrheal agent

   Detoxification and maintenance therapy of opiate addicts

   Limitations