Wallach's Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests: Pathways to Arriving at a Clinical Diagnosis (1201 page)

   Zopiclone: 50–150 ng/mL

   
Barbiturates:

   Ultra–short acting (thiopental, methohexital) [approximate]: 40 μg/mL (thiopental); 3–10 μg/mL (methohexital for surgical anesthesia)

   Short acting (pentobarbital, secobarbital): 0.5–2.0 μg/mL

   Intermediate acting (amobarbital, butalbital, butabarbital): 1.0–5.0 μg/mL

   Long acting (phenobarbital): 5–15 μg/mL (sedative–hypnotic); 15–40 μg/ mL (anticonvulsant)

   Use

   Treatment of sleeping disorders

   Reduction of anxiety

   Limitations

Specific Agents

   Chloral hydrate, ethchlorvynol, glutethimide, methaqualone (currently little used in the United States; requires specific request to test)

   
Chloral hydrate:
measure metabolite trichloroethanol (TCE) with gas chromatography, GC/MS, LC/MS

   
Ethchlorvynol:
color test, gas chromatography, GC/MS; measure parent