Wallach's Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests: Pathways to Arriving at a Clinical Diagnosis (632 page)

   Oral fluid and serum are the preferred specimens in assessing impairment.

   Specialized laboratory services are usually required for drug testing in oral fluid and hair.

   Positive screening results should be confirmed before any adverse action is taken against an individual.

   A typical drug testing panel for addiction medicine includes

   
Urine
:

   Opiates—morphine, codeine, 6-acetylmorphine

   Opioids—buprenorphine, methadone, oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, hydromorphone

   Benzodiazepines

   Cannabinoids

   Cocaine (mtb)

   Amphetamine/methamphetamine/MDMA

   Phencyclidine

   Cotinine