Warped Passages (77 page)

boundary 49, 52–5, 330, 332, 371, 386, 387, 388, 390

dimensionality of 57, 112, 304, 306

interaction 307

non-boundary 55, 410–11

nonzero charge 307–8

and parallel worlds 60–61

and particles 55, 57, 59,
59
, 60, 61, 349

and string theory 6, 51, 57, 58–9, 61, 303–33

tension 306, 307–8

trapped on 55–9, 61, 62, 323, 327, 328, 330–33, 344, 363–6, 375, 383, 388,
388

two branes and the hierarchy problem (RS1) 394, 395, 428, 436

violation of spacetime symmetries 308

see also
brane-worlds; D-branes; Do-branes;
p
-branes

bulk 53,
53
, 55,
59
, 61, 112, 305, 306, 326, 327, 332, 349, 363, 366, 367, 389, 403–6,
406
, 413, 429, 443

Calabi, Eugenio 42

Calabi-Yau compactification 297–8

Calabi-Yau manifolds 42, 293, 332, 451–2

California Institute of Technology (Caltech) 402

Cambridge University 313

Candelas, Philip 293

Carroll, Lewis

Alice in Wonderland
31, 414n

Through the Looking Glass
414n

CAT (computer-assisted tomography) scans 27

Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge 127

CDF (Collider Detector at Fermilab) 181–3

CERN (European Organization for Particle Research) 8–9, 145, 184–6,
185
, 188, 219, 241, 382

see also
LEP; LHC

Chacko, Zacharia 347

Chadwick, James 127

Chamblin, Andrew 432n

chirality 164

Coleman, Sidney 117, 232, 257

Collider Detector at Fermilab
see
CDF

colliders
see
particle colliders

color-neutral combinations 172

colors 172–3, 196, 234

compact spaces 41–2

compactification 292, 293n

compactified dimensions
see
rolled-up dimensions

Compton scattering 124–5,
125

constant wave 355

Contino, Roberto 409n

Copernican Revolution 439

Copernicus, Nicolas 7

Cornell, Eric 147

Cornell University 329

cosmological constant 299

see also
dark energy; vacuum energy

cosmology 51, 111, 112, 116, 122, 296, 349, 383, 404, 456–7

Csaki, Csaba 409

cubes 20, 23,
24
, 104

cubism 25-6

curled-up dimensions
see
rolled-up dimensions

curvature 105–6,
105
, 112

negative 389

positive 390

D-branes 306–7, 309, 310, 320, 323, 324, 449

Do experiment 181, 182, 183,
183

Do-branes 319, 452, 453

Dahl, Roald:
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory
17–18

Dai, Jin 306

Dali, Salvador:
Crucifixion (Corpus Hypercubus) 26

dark energy 9, 61, 271n

see also
cosmological constant; vacuum energy

dark matter

defined 270–71

effects on matter surrounding it 9

and supersymmetry 270–71

surmised from its gravitational effects 61

Darwin, Charles 162, 163

The Origin of Species
162

de Broglie, Prince Louis 130, 131, 143

de Sitter, Willem 390

de Sitter space 390

deep inelastic scattering experiment (Friedman-Kendall-Taylor) 173–4

Delta particle 171

detectors 181–3,
183

dimensions 11–30

and boundary branes 52–3

fermionic 261

number of 13, 15, 161, 448

and string theory 301

see also
extra dimensions; rolled-up dimensions

Dimopoulos, Savas 348, 349, 363–9, 371–4, 376, 377, 379, 380, 381, 383

see also
ADD model

Dirac, Paul 156–7, 159

Dirichlet, Peter 306

distance dependence 221, 222, 227–33, 246

double-slit experiment 133–5,
134
,
135
474n11

duality 304, 310–322, 30

and warped geometry 449–50

duck analogy 424,
425
, 427, 440, 442

Duff, Michael 304, 315

Durham University 323

Dvali, Gia 363–4, 382, 364–9, 371–4, 376, 377, 379, 380, 381, 383

see also
ADD model

E = mc
²
101, 111, 114,
136
, 144, 160, 169, 179, 210, 219, 220, 249

Earth 49, 86–7, 98–9, 11, 162–3, 308, 367

Eddington, Arthur 101

effective field theories 223

effective theory 29–30, 223, 224, 225, 227, 292

Einstein, Albert 90, 113–14, 123–5, 130

in Bern patent office 90, 113–14, 123

and Kaluza’s paper 34

and light quanta 10, 116, 123–5

and Maxwell 155

Nobel Prize for Physics 124

and photoelectric effect 123–4

and relativity 17, 90, 107, 113–14, 155

and time coordination 90

and a unified theory 67

and vacuum energy 298

see also E = mc
²
; Einstein’s Equations; general relativity; special relativity

Einstein’s Equations 111–13

see also
RS1; RS2

“Einstein Cross”
103

electric charge screening 231, 232

electric fields 153, 154, 155

electricity 9, 152, 153, 154

electromagnetic fields 154, 158

electromagnetic force 78, 89–90, 128, 157, 161n, 163, 168, 174, 177, 326, 366–7, 374

classical theory of 89, 96, 153, 155

distance/energy dependence 221–2, 227, 230–31, 235, 242, 270–71

and the electroweak theory 217

and Kaluza’s theory 34

and Newton’s second law of motion 96

and the photon 155–9, 163, 168, 200, 207, 230, 281

and supersymmetry 262

and symmetry 197, 201

electromagnetic waves 89, 128, 155

electron anomalous magnetic moment 156n

electron antineutrinos 273

electron-positron annihilation
157
,
230

electron-positron pair creation 366

electrons

accessibility 161

in atoms 9, 76,
77
, 77–8

Compton scattering 124–5,
125

double-slit experiment 133–5,
134
,
135
, 474n11

as examples of leptons 174, 175,
175
, 195, 202, 273

fundamental 78, 152, 161, 171, 195

Gamow on 10

handedness 176

and deep-inelastic-scattering 173

intrinsic spin 146, 164

Maxwell and 9

negative charge 152, 160

and neutron decay 166,
166

and supersymmetry 263, 273–4

probability function for 132–3,
133

quantization 128–30

Stoney and 9

Thomson identifies 126

virtual 227,
227
, 230,
230
, 231

and wavefunction 128–9,
129
, 132, 133,
133
, 135

see also
QED

electronvolt (eV) 143, 144, 376

electroweak symmetry 218, 219, 241, 242, 244, 249, 265, 388, 409

electroweak theory 163, 217–18

elementary particles

as the building blocks of matter 75, 79

and gravity 78

mass 212, 242, 249, 252, 301

origin of their masses 82

and weak scale energy 144

see also
particles

Ellis, John 348n

Emparan, Roberto 432n

empirical observations 67

energy 9, 100, 111–12, 114, 124, 167, 170, 298–300, 332–3, 441, 457, 480n38

large distance interchangeable with low energy 234–5

and mass 101, 114, 144, 160, 169, 210, 220

rescaled in the fifth dimension 399–400

short distance interchangeable with high energy 235

unification 222

vacuum 298–9, 300

see also
Planck scale energy; vacuum energy; weak scale energy

Enterprise
, USS (in
Star Trek
) 159

Eöt-Wash experiment 375,
375

Eötvös, Baron Roland von 375

equivalence principle 95, 96, 97, 100, 101, 102

eta particle 171

Euclidian geometry 104

European Organization for Particle Research
see
CERN

Eve, A.S. 163n

evolutionary biology 116

exponential falloff 479n36

exponential function 480n38

extra dimensions 1–5, 8–9, 12, 17–21, 305, 336–9, 352, 456

collider searches for extra dimensions 346, 352–9, 376, 377–81, 407–412

expecting disparate masses 401–2

experimental constraints without branes 358–60, 361

flat 422–3

and strength of gravity 363, 366, 370–72, 392–402

ignoring 28, 39

“Penrose tiling”
4

size of (with branes) 329–30, 363–84, 419–32

and the weak scale 363, 368–9, 392–402

see also
ADD model; branes; brane-worlds; HW; Kaluza-Klein particles; locally localized gravity; rolled-up dimensions; RS1; RS2; sequestering

families 175

Faraday, Michael 153, 154

Fermi, Enrico 146, 167, 169, 181

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), Batavia, Illinois 145, 181, 182, 185, 187, 241, 381

see also
CDF; Do experiment; Tevatron

Fermi interaction 169

fermionic dimensions 261

fermions 146–9, 258, 260, 292, 327

Ferrara, Sergio 259n, 261–4

Ferrara-Zumino theory 261, 262

Feynman, Richard 155n, 156–7, 157

Feynman diagram 157,
157
,
166
,
227
,
247

fifth dimension 12, 15, 332, 407, 424, 418n, 419, 421–2, 424, 426, 427, 431

see also
locally localized gravity; RS1; RS2; sequestered supersymmetry breaking

fine-tuning 245, 248, 253, 266

Fischler, Willy 452–3

Flatland 18, 20, 21, 51 352–3

flavor symmetry 195, 196