Warped Passages (78 page)

flavor-changing interactions 273–4, 276, 340, 348

flavor-symmetric actions 348

flavors
168
, 176, 177–8, 349

Flynn, Jonathan 227–8

force lines 371, 395, 424

force-carrying gauge bosons 79–80,
79

forces

distance and energy dependence 221, 222, 227, 228, 246

and string theory 69

symmetry and 197–201, 202

trapped by branes 55, 57, 59, 62

unification of 270,
272
, 404, 406, 413

see also
electromagnetism; gravity; strong force; weak force

four dimensions

the Standard Model 71

three dimensions of space and one of time 107

four spatial dimensions 16

Kaluza’s proposal 34

see also
five dimensions

free fall 97–9,
98
, 108–9

Freedman, Dan 262

Friedman, Jerry 174

Friedman-Kendall-Taylor deep inelastic scattering experiment 173–4, 287

Gabrielse, Gerry 161

galaxies 113, 279

Galileo Galilei 86, 97, 339

Galison, Peter 90

gamma rays 101

Gamow, George 10, 77

Garcia-Bellido, Juan 432n

Gardner, Martin:
Annotated Alice
414n

gauge bosons
136
, 156, 177, 198, 404

brane-bound 323, 327, 365, 389, 405

in the bulk 405

and supersymmetry 346, 347

interactions 201, 208, 231, 323

intrinsic spin 281, 323

and mass 208–9, 210, 213–20, 241–2, 245, 247, 249, 251, 254, 324–5,
325
, 394

polarizations 197, 209, 217;
see also
mass

strong
see
gluons

and symmetry 197, 200–201

weak
see
weak gauge bosons

gaugino mediation 347–8

gauginos 263, 345–6, 350

Gauss, Carl Friedrich 104–5, 106

Geiger, Hans 126–7

Gell-Mann, Murray 171, 172, 176, 228n

general relativity 58, 85–6, 95–114,

and black holes 67, 112

and brane-worlds 83

and curvature of spacetime 103

fails when applied to tiny length scales 278

and a fourth dimension 34

and GPS 84–5, 113

and quantum mechanics 278–83, 301

and special relativity 94

and string theory 68, 95

tests of 100–102

generations 175–6, 177

geodesics 108–9, 111

geometry

differential 106, 108

Euclid’s five fundamental postulates 104

five-dimensional 388,
388
, 390

higher-dimensional 343–4, 387

non-Euclidean 104–7

spacetime 110, 111, 112, 309, 478n32

warped
see
warped geometry, RS1, RS2

Georgi, Howard 68, 233–8, 270, 296

Georgi-Glashow Grand Unification symmetry group 476n22

Giudice, Gian 346

Glashow, Sheldon 68, 163, 168–9, 217, 233–8, 270, 296

Gliozzi, Ferdinando 262

Global Positioning System (GPS) 84–5, 111

gluinos 263, 269, 478n30

gluons 156, 171, 173, 174, 182, 200–201, 232, 378–9,
379
, 404

Goldberger, Walter 402, 403, 404

Golden, Mitch 187, 188

Gol’fand, Y.A. 259n, 261

Grand Unified Theory (GUT) 222, 233–8, 239, 241, 246

Georgi-Glashow paper (1974) 235–6

the hierarchy problem in 243–6

and the Hoøava-Witten brane-world 332

proton decay prediction 236–7

and RS1 404–7

scale mass 247, 248

and string theory 293, 301

gravitational constant 145, 187, 398

gravitational field lines 424–5,
426

gravitational fields 153

and general relativity 109, 278

localized near a brane
426

and the spacetime fabric 107, 109, 111, 114

see also
ADD; locally localized gravity; RS1; RS2

gravitational force law 42–6, 86–8, 145, 251, 279, 281, 367, 370, 373, 374, 376, 429, 430, 439, 443

with extra dimensions 42–8

gravitational lensing 102

gravitational mass 96

gravitational redshift 100, 101

gravitino 262

graviton 148, 281, 302, 327, 366, 377, 398, 416, 442

and supersymmetry 262

higher-dimensional 378, 387, 392–3,
392
, 398

and high-energy interactions 281, 282, 288

and anomaly-mediation 344–5

intrinsic spin 281

KK partners 377–80, 387, 413, 428–32

localized 421–8, 445

mass 442–3

massless 170, 442, 443

probability function 391, 392,
392
, 393, 395, 400, 407, 410, 416n, 423–4,
424
, 425, 427, 431, 438, 442, 479n35

gravity

and acceleration 86, 87, 96–7, 100, 101, 102–3, 109

and brane-worlds 327–8

and branes 51, 58, 59, 61, 327, 333

and curved space 6, 17

Earth and 86, 87, 98–9

five-dimensional 411, 412, 443

four-dimensional 34, 370, 371, 398, 422, 423, 429, 431, 434, 439, 440, 441–2, 443

higher-dimensional 251–2, 369, 372, 374, 379, 380, 381, 384

inverse square law 43, 45, 46, 145, 279

localized (RS2) 427–8, 432, 436–7, 438, 443

locally localized 437–44

and mass 96, 279

Newtonian (classical) 86–8, 109, 112, 145, 380, 473n8

and Planck scale energy
136
, 145, 149, 280, 479n34

and Planck scale length 35, 279–80

and Planck scale mass 249, 371–2

and quantum mechanics 80, 279–81, 293, 294, 295

quantum theory of 145, 282, 301, 316

relating higher-and lower-dimensional gravity 369, 370–71, 374

and spacetime 111

spreads through all dimensions 327, 333

and the Standard Model 78, 249, 291

strength dependent on position along the fifth dimension 61, 393

and string theory 5, 33, 69

and supersymmetry breaking 345

and unification 237

and volume 479n34

weakness of 6, 8, 80, 86, 87, 168, 174, 250, 251, 254–5, 279, 280, 328, 363, 366–9, 371–4, 383, 386, 387, 393, 395, 396, 397, 416n, 417n

see also
general relativity

Gravitybrane
392
, 393–401,
399
, 412–13, 414n, 415n, 417n, 418n, 420, 422–4, 427, 429, 430, 431, 437, 438, 443, 449, 450

Green, Michael 289–92

Greene, Brian:
Elegant Universe
37n

Gregory, Ruth 323, 328, 432n

Grojean, Christophe 409

Gross, David 232, 291, 296–7, 330, 454

Grossmann, Marcel 107, 108

GUT
see
Grand Unified Theory

hadrons 171, 172, 174, 233, 285–8

Halley, Edmund 87

handedness 164–5,
165
, 167–8,
168
, 175

Harvard University 68, 231, 235, 296, 309, 337, 363, 435

Jefferson Laboratory 101, 161

Harvey, Jeffrey 291, 330, 336

Harvey, William 76

Hawking, Stephen 6, 432n, 435

Hawking radiation 380

heavy elements 162

Heckel, Blayne 374, 375

Heisenberg, Werner 118–19, 137–8

uncertainty principle
see
uncertainty principle

helium 162

heterotic string 291–2, 296–7, 330, 331

hierarchy problem 196, 240–55,
255
, 301, 386

in a GUT 243–6,
247

and large extra dimensions (ADD) 368–9, 384, 394, 402

and new length scales 332

and supersymmetry 258, 264–6, 270, 275, 276, 336

and RS1 394, 395, 338, 406, 410–14, 428, 458

Higgs, Peter 204

Higgs fields 211–18

Higgs mechanism 196, 211–20, 248

and electromagnetism 205, 217

and particle masses 170, 204, 211, 212, 214, 219, 241, 254, 348

and spontaneous symmetry breaking 191, 201, 204, 208, 212, 214–17, 220, 241

Higgs particles (Higgs bosons) 211, 212, 219, 409, 476n20

breaking electroweak symmetry 388

confined to the Weakbrane 413

and a GUT 244

and the hierarchy problem 410

light 219, 244–5, 248, 253, 254, 264, 266, 268, 275–6, 276

mass 245, 247,
247
, 248, 249, 251, 252,
252
, 253, 258, 264, 266, 268, 269, 368, 372, 394, 406; quantum contributions to 246–9,
247
, 265,
265
, 340, 343

Higgsino 263

high-energy experiments 72–3

holography 21, 28

Holton, Gerald 114

Hooke, Robert 87, 88

Hoøava, Petr 306, 330–31, 332, 369

Hoøava-Witten model
see
HW

Horowitz, Gary 293, 298, 432n

Hubble, Edwin 298

Hull, Chris 316

Hupfeld, Herman 64

HW 237, 330–33

hydrogen 162

hypercubes 19–20,
20
, 27,
27

hyperspheres 19, 46

indirect interactions 228, 229

inertial mass 96

inertial reference frames 91, 95, 99, 473n8

Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton 449

Institute for Nuclear Theory, Seattle 274

internal symmetry
see
symmetry

International Supersymmetry Conference, Ann Arbor, Michigan (1994) 274

intrinsic spin 146–7, 148, 164, 258

inverse square law 43, 46, 48, 87–8, 222, 279, 438

Irvine/Michigan/Brookhaven (IMB) experiment, Homestake Mine, South Dakota 237

Jackiw, Roman 290

jets 174, 233, 378,
379

Johns Hopkins University 437

Jonsson, Claus 133

Joyce, James:
Finnegans Wake
171–2

Kakushadze, Zurab 329

Kaloper, Nemanja 432n

Kaluza, Theodor 34, 64, 419

Kaluza-Klein (KK) modes 352n

Kaluza-Klein (KK) particles 8, 148, 351–61

and ADD 377–380, 384, 457–8

and RS1 387, 407–11, 457–8

and RS2 428–32

and KR 443

spin value 409

and T-duality 451

Kaluza-Klein universe 34–5, 38–9

Kamiokande experiment, Kamioka, Japan 237