Words Will Break Cement
Read Words Will Break Cement Online
Authors: Masha Gessen
PRAISE FOR
The Man Without a Face
“In a country where journalists critical of the government have a way of meeting untimely deaths, Ms. Gessen has shown remarkable courage in researching and writing this unflinching indictment of the most powerful man in Russia. . . . Although written before the recent protests erupted, the book helps to explain the anger and outrage driving that movement.”
—The Wall Street Journal
“Powerful and gracefully written . . . Gessen’s book flows on multiple tracks, tracing Putin’s life back to boyhood, the story of his hometown of St. Petersburg, and finally the last quarter-century of Russian history. . . . For all of the ghoulish detail, Gessen’s account of Putin’s Russia is not overwrought. . . . [She] displays impressive control of her prose and her story, painting a portrait of a vile Putin without sounding polemical.”
—San Francisco Chronicle
“Written in English but with Russian heart, Gessen focuses on the places and institutions that bred the nation’s most resolute leader since Stalin . . . Some might say that Gessen’s interpretation is political. Of course it is . . . But more important, it is thorough. She has seen fellow journalists killed, has been harassed herself, and yet continues to write from Russia . . . Her urgency is felt on nearly every page.”
—Bookforum
“[Gessen] shines a piercing light into every dark corner of Putin’s story . . . Fascinating, hard-hitting reading.”
—Foreign Affairs
“Although Gessen is enough of an outsider to write beautifully clear and eloquent English, she is enough of an insider to convey, accurately, the wild swings of emotions, the atmosphere of mad speculation, the paranoia, and, yes, the hysteria that pervade all political discussion and debate in Moscow today.”
—The New York Review of Books
“What Gessen sees in Putin is a troubled childhood brawler who became a paper-pushing KGB man and, by improbable twists and turns, rose to the top in Russia. . . . [She] does not attempt to weigh up Putin’s record but rather examines his biography, mind-set, and methods . . . as a thug loyal to the KGB and the empire it served who never had a clue about the earth-shattering events that blew the Soviet Union apart.”
—The Washington Post
“Masha Gessen steps into the fray with a perceptive account of the new czar.”
—The Daily Beast
“Part psychological profile, part conspiracy study. As a Moscow native who has written perceptively for both Russian and Western publications, Gessen knows the cultures and pathologies of Russia . . . [and has] a delicious command of the English language . . . A fiercely independent journalist . . . Gessen’s armchair psychoanalysis of Putin is speculative. But it is a clever and sometimes convincing speculation, based on a close reading of Putin’s own inadvertently revealing accounts of his life, and on interviews with people who knew Putin before he mattered.”
—The New York Times Book Review
“[An] incisive bildingsroman of Putin and his regime . . . Alongside an acute apprehension of the post-Soviet dynamics that facilitated Putin’s rise, Gessen balances narratives of Putin-as-bureaucrat and Putin-as-kleptocrat with a wider indictment of the ‘Mafia clan’ that retains him solely as its Godfather.”
—The Daily
“Illuminating . . . It is with [the] explosive revelations that Gessen truly excels. . . . An electrifying read from what can only be described as an incredibly brave writer.”
—Columbia Journalism Review
“Engrossing and insightful.”
—Bloomberg
“A chilling and brave work of nonfiction. . . . With
The Man Without a Face,
Gessen has succeeded in convincingly portraying the forces that made Putin who he is today . . . [a] crafty, canny, power-hungry man whose hold on Russia shows no sign of slacking.”
—BookPage
Dead Again:
The Russian Intelligentsia After Communism
Ester and Ruzya:
How My Grandmothers Survived Hitler’s War and Stalin’s Peace
Blood Matters:
From Inherited Illness to Designer Babies, How the World and I Found Ourselves in the Future of the Gene
Perfect Rigor:
A Genius and the Mathematical Breakthrough of the Century
The Man Without a Face:
The Unlikely Rise of Vladimir Putin
RIVERHEAD BOOKS
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WORDS WILL BREAK CEMENT
Copyright © 2014 by Masha Gessen
Penguin supports copyright. Copyright fuels creativity, encourages diverse voices, promotes free speech, and creates a vibrant culture. Thank you for buying an authorized edition of this book and for complying with all copyright laws by not reproducing, scanning, or distributing any part of it in any form without permission. You are supporting writers and allowing Penguin to continue to publish books for every reader.
An application to register this book for cataloging has been submitted to the Library of Congress.
First Riverhead trade paperback edition: March 2014
Riverhead trade paperback ISBN: 978-1-59463-219-8
eBook ISBN: 978-0-698-13594-9
Cover design by Alex Merto
Cover photograph by Denis Sinyakov
Book design by Tiffany Estreicher
While the author has made every effort to provide accurate telephone numbers and Internet addresses at the time of publication, neither the author nor the publisher is responsible for errors, or for changes that occur after publication. Further, the publisher does not have any control over and does not assume any responsibility for author or third-party websites or their content.
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IK-14
G
ERA WANTED TO PEE.
Again. In the eleven hours we had spent in the car the day before, she had alternated every five minutes between asking if we were there yet and demanding to be allowed to pee. She did not sleep a wink, even though we arrived at one in the morning. Now, barely eight hours later, we were back in my car, on our way to the penal colony, and Gera wanted to pee.
“Gera, you cannot pee every five minutes!” said Petya to his four-year-old daughter. “You cannot appraise a work of art from the point of view of effectiveness.” Now he was speaking into a lapel mic that belonged to the German television crew following us in another car. Before we left the hotel in Zubova Polyana where we had spent the night, I had to pull the car away from the back porch so the Germans could film the lanky Petya running to the car with huge plaid Chinese-made rectangular bags we were taking to the colony for Nadya, Petya’s wife and Gera’s mother. “This is the sixth time I’ve been filmed loading bags into a car for Nadya.” He laughed as he got into the passenger seat. He always seemed to enjoy the publicity connected with his wife’s imprisonment, and only now, more than a year after I first met him, was I starting to appreciate how hard, tedious, and unceasing was the work he did on her behalf.
While one of the Germans was miking Petya up, another tried to interview Gera, but she went suddenly tight-lipped and petulant. When the reporter walked away, I tried, in a sudden fit of competitiveness, to ask Gera some questions too. We had, after all, become familiar to each other after spending a day in the car together.
“When was the last time you saw your mom?”
“I don’t remember anymore.” She shrugged.
“Why is your mom in jail?”
“I don’t even know.” She shrugged.
“Who put her there?”
She shrugged again. “Putin.”
Then her father and grandfather were finally in the car, and we started driving. And she wanted to pee. Again.
“If you keep peeing in the cold, you will freeze your bottom and won’t be able to have any children,” said Andrei, the grandfather.
“I don’t need any children,” Gera shot back.
“I don’t either,” said Andrei. “But you see, they just happen to you.”
Andrei was not the kind of man you would want talking to your daughter. At fifty-six, he was well-worn, but you could tell he used to be movie-star handsome. He was impatient. He was occasionally inappropriate, as when he started berating Petya in front of Gera. He was immature. When a tired Gera threw a tantrum, demanding that she be taken to her mother, her grandmother, and back to the hotel—immediately, and all at the same time—he threw a tantrum too, demanding that Petya give him his cup of coffee, then giving it back, then taking it again. The rest of the time he talked and played with Gera, to her evident delight, but when I heard him teaching her to say the word
entropiya
(entropy),
I found myself stifling the impulse to explain to him that children are not circus acts. I assumed such remonstrations had been attempted many times before by other women, to no evident effect.
“Mama does not want to see you,” Gera told Andrei now, kicking her foot against the floor. She had taken to calling her grandmother, Petya’s mother, “Mama.” It drove Andrei crazy, and he made no effort hide it.
“I don’t want to see her either,” he declared.
“You scared of her?” asked Gera.
“Well, she is a woman,” Andrei responded, with what I thought was uncharacteristic candor.
W
E HAD SPENT THE NIGHT
at a hotel on the third floor of the House of Homekeeping—a peculiar name given, back in Soviet times, to buildings that contained services ranging from hair salons to shoe repair shops. In 2013, the House of Homekeeping in Zubova Polyana, Mordovia—population just over ten thousand—contained a half-dozen clean hotel rooms with simple pine furniture, a pool hall, a café, and a reception desk for the hotel that also sold a mind-boggling assortment of hair dyes in the narrow color range from pink to copper, and two kinds of flags: a flag of the Russian Federation for the equivalent of ten dollars and one of Mordovia for about twelve. The café in the House of Homekeeping was named “13,” after the number featured on Mordovian license plates—as distinct from the numbers associated with each of the other eighty-two regions that make up the Russian Federation. As in the Western tradition, thirteen is an unlucky number in Russia, “the devil’s dozen,” and it seemed an appropriate designation for the region with not only Russia’s but the world’s highest concentration of prison inmates among its residents.
We had about twenty-five miles to go to get to Nadya’s penal colony, Correctional Colony Number 14, or IK-14. Petya pointed out local landmarks. Here was a rusting metal board with the words
RESTRICTED TERRITORY. NO PASSING WITHOUT STOPPING,
but there was no checkpoint at which to stop—it had apparently been eliminated some years ago, when another high-profile female inmate was serving time here and someone high up decided the checkpoint looked bad on film. A men’s maximum-security colony straddled both sides of the road; a covered bridge concealed by tin sheeting connected the structures, allowing inmates to be taken across the road out of sight of drivers. Another men’s colony, a women’s one, then a bland stretch of road with an identical flat forest on either side, then, finally, the village of Partsa, which consisted of IK-14, a small variety store, and a smattering of houses where IK-14 employees lived.
The penal colony hid behind a tall gray fence, with only a couple of structures reaching above it: a sizable church—Orthodox churches were erected in all the surrounding colonies in the 1990s—and one of the colony’s standard gray concrete buildings with a wall-size poster of a girl child on it. Petya told me the caption, obscured by the fence, said
YOUR FAMILY IS WAITING FOR YOU
. We entered a two-room structure for visitors. It had been freshly built, most likely because Nadya was expected to draw media attention here, and it even included a carpeted playroom with a crib, a set of toddler-appropriate Legos, and a rocking donkey. Gera and Andrei took off their shoes and started building a Lego prison from which a rubber duck was going to help her friend the princess escape by means of a plastic fire truck with a telescoping ladder.
Petya planted himself and the bags in the larger room. One of its walls was entirely taken up with bulletin boards. A small one labeled
THE SOCIAL MOBILITY SYSTEM
featured charts and flyers geared to show that “malicious repeat offenders” would come to no good in prison while “positively characterized convicts have hope for the future.” A large board labeled
INFORMATION
was completely covered with sample applications: an application to be granted a visit with an inmate; an application to have a package delivered to an inmate; excerpts from laws relevant to the business of visiting inmates; and descriptions of attempted violations colony authorities had successfully intercepted. In both of the cases described, visitors had tried to smuggle cell phones to inmates during a visit and had paid a high price, forfeiting not only the phones but visitation rights.
A lonely LED display hung on the back wall. On it, a corpulent middle-aged woman in a federal prison–authority uniform was reading out rules and regulations and excerpts from the Penal Correctional Code. It was a twenty-minute recording playing on a loop, and by the time our wait was over, we had absorbed the rules in all their monotonous detail. Petya took off his parka and, wearing one of his apparently endless supply of checkered fitted Ralph Lauren shirts, sat down at a desk facing the window, with his back to the woman on the screen, and started making a complete list of the contents of the large plaid bags.
Assorted fruit
Bedding
Inmates are allowed only plain white bedding; last time, a pillowcase was turned away because it exhibited piping, which is apparently not allowed, despite also being white. The opposite rule applies to underwear: it must be plain black. Petya dropped an empty Uniqlo thermal-underwear package to the floor.
Books:
My Testimony
by Anatoly Marchenko
Marchenko was a Soviet dissident who spent years writing this exhaustive accounting of the lives of political inmates in Soviet camps; he died behind bars in 1986, following a hunger strike to demand the release of political prisoners. Nadya had asked for this book specifically; Petya had been unable to find a copy for sale, so we brought the one from my personal library. Two human rights activists who had been helping Petya had added another eight books by and about dissidents. A Russian translation of a book by the philosopher Slavoj Žižek rounded out the list of ten—the maximum number of books allowed at one time. Nadya had been corresponding with Žižek, and she had said she liked the idea of carrying on a conversation with the man and his books at the same time. Months later, only the Žižek volume will have gotten past the prison censors.
The uniformed woman on the screen was reading out a list of items prohibited from being passed to prisoners.
Markers, colored pencils, copying paper
—all potential tools of escape. Early that morning, when Petya printed out a map of the surroundings, a House of Homemaking staffer had quipped, “Is this an escape plan?” Meanwhile, in the adjacent playroom, Gera grew bored with playing out the rubber-ducky prison-escape scenario and started throwing a large red gym ball at the prison she and Andrei had constructed. She was barely bigger than the ball, so throwing it proved both difficult and ineffectual, but she kept at it with furious determination. Petya continued making the list:
Yellow plastic basin
Blue plastic basin
Green plastic ladle
All of this was intended for washing clothes, though there was also hope that Nadya might be allowed to use the multicolored plastic equipment to wash her long hair. Petya was entering the colony in possession of a precious document: a letter from the federal prison authority stating that the Penal Correctional Code placed no limitations on the frequency of hair washing. In theory, this might be interpreted to mean Nadya and the other thirty-nine women in her barracks could be allowed to wash their hair in between their weekly bathhouse visits. The theory would eventually prove wrong. The on-screen officer continued her litany of banned objects:
maps, compasses, books on topography or dog training.
In all, the preliminaries lasted nearly three hours—with the making up of the lists and the visitor applications and the waiting for a young woman officer to come and get the documents and then waiting for her to come and get the visitors, it was nearly one in the afternoon by the time Petya, Andrei, and Gera entered the facility. They were shown out at four. With a short wait inside, they were cheated out of one and a half of the four hours allotted once every two months.
They spent the two and a half hours of the visit in the guest cafeteria, the facility’s pride and joy, featured on the Mordovia prison authority’s YouTube channel. Gera sat in her mother’s lap the entire time. The four of them played a board game called To Catch the Koschei (Koschei the Deathless being an evil character in a number of Russian folktales); the grown-ups kept getting distracted, giving Gera the opportunity to cheat. She, meanwhile, let no one get away with the slightest deviation from the rules. In a phone conversation a couple of weeks later, Nadya would, with a mixture of pride and regret, cite this behavior as evidence that Gera was far better grounded at the age of four than Nadya herself would ever be: “I think she will be an excellent leader of middle-class protest.” All along, a junior visiting-room inspector sat in the corner of the cafeteria looking absent. She did not even stop Petya and Nadya from hugging each other, which made this visit, overall, a lot better than the one two months earlier, when they had not even been allowed to hold hands.
While Petya, Gera, and Andrei were inside, I drove around taking pictures of penal colony landmarks. The Zubovo-Polyanski District, of which the town of Zubova Polyana was the administrative center, was in essence a company town formed around the prison authority. A penal colony was the economic and architectural center of each village, with small, impermanent-looking wooden residential houses clinging to the mass of the colonies’ concrete buildings and tall churches. I found one ongoing construction project: an apartment building for prison authority staff across the street from the district prison authority itself. Judging from the tall fence around the construction site and watchtowers in its every corner, the building was being put up by inmates.
Down the street from the district penal authority sat the district administration, housed in a neoclassical building that used to be a secondary school. The building’s once-proud, columned and porticoed facade was peeling, but someone had lovingly retouched the red kerchiefs on the pockmarked sculptures of two Young Pioneers on either side of the porch. It was a striking sight in a region that, for many Russians, had once been synonymous with political prisoners; Marchenko and several of the other Soviet-era dissidents whose books we had brought for Nadya had served their prison sentences here.
But the region’s ideology seemed less neo-Soviet than, simply, penal. Another colony featured over its entrance a large banner that said
THOSE WHO WANT TO WORK FIND THE RESOURCES. THOSE WHO DO NOT WANT TO WORK FIND EXCUSES.
When I stopped to take a picture of this banner in all its Nazi-concentration-camp glory, I saw a policeman spot me and drive away. In a few minutes I was detained and taken to the Zubova Polyana precinct, just down the street from the House of Homemaking, to make an explanatory statement about the purpose of my work here. I had just left the police station when Petya called to say they were done.
That was that: eleven hours in the car, a brief night in the House of Homemaking, two and a half hours with Nadya—and here we were again, strapped in for the three-hundred-mile drive back to Moscow. Gera, who had been stoic throughout the previous day’s long drive and today’s tedious waiting, was now acting up, shouting, demanding that she be taken back to the hotel, to her mother, and to her grandmother. Andrei was shouting too, calling Gera a spoiled brat. Petya was trying to tell me about the visit but constantly getting distracted by calls coming in on one of his two cell phones, then absently scrolling through Twitter posts, apparently forgetting that he had been in the middle of a story. He did not feel like finishing it because there was not much to tell. Nadya’s life now consisted of fighting for a working sewing machine in the colony factory, where her job was putting pockets on the trousers of police uniforms, and of trying to find tiny islands of common ground with other inmates. When you lose your freedom, you lose, first and foremost, the opportunity to choose the company you keep. The women who now surrounded Nadya might as well have come from a different planet. The only person who had even walked the same streets and read some of the same newspapers was the colony’s other high-profile prisoner: an ultranationalist sentenced to eighteen years behind bars for the murders of a human rights lawyer and a journalist.