Worldly Philosopher: The Odyssey of Albert O. Hirschman (103 page)

17
. AOH to UH, 2 Sept. and 5 Oct. 1941.

18
. AOH to UH, 21 July 1941, PP; AOH and SH interview, 11 Oct. 2005.

19
. AOH to SH, May 1941, PP.

20
. AOH to UH, 21 July 1941, PP.

21
. AOH, interview, 11 Mar. 2002.

22
. Transcript from Hirschman interview, Exile Film Project Records, VC-60/5-6, Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library, New Haven, CT.

23
. J.B. Condliffe,
The Reconstruction of World Trade: A Survey of International Economic Relations
(New York: W.W. Norton, 1940).

24
. AOH, interview, 11 June 2002; AOH to UH, 21 July and 9 Aug. 1941, PP; AOH, “On Measures of Dispersion for a Finite Distribution,”
Journal of the American Statistical Association
(September 1943); AOH, “The Commodity Structure of World Trade,”
Quarterly Journal of Economics
(August 1943).

25
. Alexander Gerschenkron,
Bread and Democracy in Germany
(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989).

26
. AOH, interview, 11 June 2002; Sandy Stevenson interview, 17 Oct. 2003; Nicholas Davidoff,
The Fly Swatter: Portrait of an Exceptional Character
(New York: Vintage, 2002), pp. 121–125.

27
. “Fellowship Card, Otto Albert Hirschmann,” Series US-HSS, RAC.

28
. AOH, interview, 11 June 2002.

29
. Ibid.

30
. SH, interview, 25 July 2005.

31
. AOH Interview, 11 June 2002; AOH,
National Power and the Structure of Foreign Trade
(Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1980 ed.), p. 3.

32
. Philip Buck,
Annals of the American Academy
, March 1946, p. 222; Henry Oliver,
Southern Economic Journal
(Jan. 1946), p. 304; Michael Florinski,
Political Science Quarterly
61, p. 272.

33
. AOH, “Beyond Asymmetry: Critical Notes on Myself as a Young Man and Some Other Old Friends,”
International Organization
32:1 (February 1978), pp. 45–50, republished in
Essays in Trespassing
, pp. 27–34.

34
. AOH, “The Paternity of an Index,”
American Economic Review
54:5 (September 1964), p.762.

  
1
. Fellowship Card, Otto Albert Hirschmann,” Series US-HSS, RAC.

  
2
. Ibid.

  
3
. AOH to Adjutant General of the United States Army, 13 Feb. 1942, PP.

  
4
. Fellowship Card, Otto Albert Hirschmann,” Series US-HSS, RAC.

  
5
. Ibid.

  
6
. AOH, interview, 24 June 2002; Barry M. Katz,
Foreign Intelligence: Research and Analysis in the Office of Strategic Services, 1942–1945
(Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press), pp. 8–10.

  
7
. AOH and SH interview, 11 Oct. 2005.

  
8
. Ibid.

  
9
. AOH to SH, 15 Feb. 1944.

10
. Max Corvo,
The OSS in Italy, 1942–1945
(New York: Praeger, 1990), pp. 90–99; George C. Chalou,
The Secret War: The Office of Strategic Services in World War II
(Washington: National Archives and Records Administration, 1992), pp. 184–185.

11
. AOH to SH, 18 Mar. 1944; Brown Notebook, n.d., PP.

12
. Katz,
Foreign Intelligence
, pp. 23–24.

13
. AOH to SH, 30 Mar. 1944, PP.

14
. AOH to SH, 23 Apr. 1944, PP.

15
. AOH to SH, 30 Mar. 1944, PP.

16
. AOH to SH, 1 June 1944, PP.

17
. AOH to SH, 11 May 1944, PP.

18
. AOH to SH, 28 Feb. 1944, PP.

19
. Eugenio Corloni, “Ventone Manifesto,” in
Documents on the History of European Integration
, ed. Walter Lipgens (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1985), vol. 1, p. 473.

20
. John Pinder, “Spinelli and the Ventotene Manifesto,”
The Federalist Debate
14:3 (November 2001), pp. 12–14.

21
. AOH to SH, 14 May 1944, PP.

22
. Eugenio Colorni, “Character of the European Federation,” in
Documents on the History of European Integration
, ed. Walter Lipgens (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1985), vol. 1, p. 507; Klaus Voigt, “Ideas of the Italian Resistance on the Postwar Order in Europe,” in ibid., pp. 463–465, quotation on p. 466.

23
. Frank Rosengarten,
The Italian Anti-Fascist Press (1919–1945)
(Cleveland: Case Western University Press, 1968), p. 100.

24
. AOH to SH, 22 and 25 June 1944, PP.

25
. Hempel, p. 29; Brown Notebook, entry 23 June (n.yr.), PP.

26
. Brown Notebook, n.d.; AOH to UH, 30 Apr. 1945 and 27 Aug. 1969, PP.

27
. AOH to SH, 27 June 1944, PP.

28
. AOH to SH, 10 July 1944, PP.

29
. AOH to SH, 25 July 1944, PP.

30
. AOH to SH, 9 Aug. 1944, PP.

31
. AOH to SH, 12 Sept. 1944, PP.

32
. AOH to SH, 5 Oct. 1944 and 22 May, 1944, PP.

33
. AOH to SH, 14 Jan. 1945, PP.

34
. AOH to SH, 21 Oct. 1944, PP.

35
. AOH to SH, 30 Nov. 1944, PP.

36
. AOH to SH, 15 Mar. 1945, PP.

37
. AOH to SH, 7 Oct. 1945, PP.

38
. AOH to SH, 21 and 26 Dec. 1944, PP.

39
. AOH to SH, 12 Jan. 1945, PP.

40
. Saba poem quoted in AOH,
Exit, Voice, and Loyalty
, p. 113, fn 10.

41
. AOH, interview, 24 June 2002; SH to author, “Group in Siena,” letter, n.d., in author’s possession.

42
. AOH to SH, 10 Feb. 1945, PP.

43
. AOH to SH, 12 Apr. 1945, PP.

44
. AOH to SH, 10 Feb. 1945, PP.

45
. AOH to SH, 25 Feb. 1945, PP.

46
. AOH to SH, 30 Sept. 1945, PP.

47
. F.A. Hayek,
The Road to Serfdom
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), p. 223.

48
. Manlio Cancogni, “Historic Eulogy to the Black Market in Italy during the Twentieth Century” [in Italian], trans. AOH, box 69, folder 14, AOHP.

49
. AOH to SH, 23 July, 1945, PP.

50
. AOH to SH, 27 Mar. 1945, PP.

51
. AOH to SH, 10 Mar. 1944, PP.

52
. AOH to SH, 10 June and 9 Aug. 1944, PP.

53
. AOH to SH, 13 Oct. 1944, PP.

54
. AOH to SH, 19 Oct. 1944, PP.

55
. AOH to SH, 15 Aug. 1945, PP.

56
. AOH to SH, 4 Feb. 1945, PP.

57
. AOH to SH, 15 and 19 Aug. 1945, PP.

58
. AOH to SH, 21 Apr. 1945, PP.

59
. AOH to SH, 28 Nov. 1945, PP.

60
. AOH to SH, 5 May 1945; AOH to UH, 29 May 1945, PP.

61
. AOH to SH, 12 Dec. 1945, PP.

62
. AOH to UH, 27 May 1945, PP.

63
. AOH to SH, 22 June and 12 Dec. 1945, PP.

64
. See the superb Kerstin von Lingen,
Kesselring’s Last Battle: War Crimes Trials and Cold War Politics, 1945–1960
(Lawrence, University of Kansas Press, 2009).

65
. AOH to SH, 7 Oct. 1945, PP.

66
. AOH to SH, 10 Oct. 1945, PP.

67
. AOH to SH, 14 Oct. 1945, PP; Richard Raiber,
Anatomy of Perjury: Field Marshal Albert Kesselring, Via Rasella, and the Ginny Mission
(Newark DE: University of Delaware Press, 2008), chap. 5.

68
. Virginia Lee Warren, “Dostler Sentenced to Die for Shooting of OSS Men,”
New York Times
, 13 Oct. 1945, p. 1.

69
. SH, interview, 14 Apr. 2006.

70
. AOH to SH, 26 Oct. and 2 Nov. 1945, PP.

71
. AOH to SH, 11 Dec. 1945, PP.

72
. Ibid.

73
. AOH to SH, n.d., PP.

  
1
. AOH to UH, 13 Jan. 1946, PP.

  
2
. AOH to UH, 2 Feb. 1946, PP.

  
3
. AOH to UH, 13 Jan. 1946, PP.

  
4
. AOH to UH, 24 Apr. 1946, PP.

  
5
. SH, interviews, 15 Sept. and 16 Aug. 2005.

  
6
. AOH and SH interview, 11 Oct. 2005.

  
7
. AOH to UH, 13 Oct. 1946, PP.

  
8
. Ibid.

  
9
. US National Archives, declassified FBI file, in author’s possession.

10
. AOH to UH, 14 June 1946, PP.

11
. AOH, interview, 31 June 2002; AOH to UH, n.d. [fall 1946], PP.

12
. “M. Schuman’s Devaluation Paradox,” RFD, 31 Dec. 1946, pp. 6–8.

13
. AOH to UH, 22 Dec. 1946, PP.

14
. “Higher interest rates and the credit shortage in France,” RFD, 28 Jan. 1947, pp. 10–13; “Exchange Control in Italy,” RFD, 11 Mar. 1947.

15
. AOH, interview, 31 June 2002.

16
. AOH to UH, 21 Apr. 1947, PP.

17
. AOH, “France and Italy: Patterns of Reconstruction,”
Federal Reserve Bulletin
33:4 (April 1947), pp. 353–366.

18
. AOH, “Public Finance, Money Markets, and Inflation in France,” RFD, 29 July 1947.

19
. Greg Behrman,
The Most Noble Adventure: The Marshall Plan and How Americans Helped Rebuild Europe
(New York: Free Press, 2007), p. 43.

20
. “Trade Structure of the Marshall Plan Countries,” RFD, 12 Aug. 1947, pp. 7–12; “Trade and Credit Arrangements Between the ‘Marshall Plan Countries,’ ” RFD, 26 Aug. 1947, pp. 8–11.

21
. “Italian Exchange Rate Policy,” RFD, 16 Dec. 1947; AOH, “Inflation and Deflation in Italy,”
American Economic Review
38:4 (September 1948), pp. 598–606; “French Exports and the Franc,” RFD, 23 Sept. 1947.

22
. Richard Bissell,
Reflections of a Cold Warrior: From Yalta to the Bay of Pigs
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996), p. 38; AOH to UH, 24 Nov. 1947.

23
. AOH, interview, 11 Mar. 2002.

24
. AOH to Altiero Spinelli, 1 Aug. 1948, PP.

25
. SH, interview, 16 Aug. 2005.

26
. AOH to Altiero Spinelli, 1 Aug. 1948, PP.

27
. “The OEEC ‘Interim Report on the European Recovery Program’—A Summary,” RFD, 8 Feb. 1949.

28
. Bissell,
Reflections
, p. 54.

29
. AOH to UH, 21 Dec. 1947, PP.

30
. “Some Recent Developments in French Finance and Credit Policy,” RFD, 19 Oct. 1948; “Credit Controls in the Postwar Economy of France,” RFD, 8 Mar. 1949; AOH, “Postwar Credit Controls in France,”
Federal Reserve Bulletin
(April 1949), pp. 1–13.

31
. “Economic and Financial Conditions in Italy,” RFD, 14 Dec. 1948.

32
. “Inflation and Balance of Payments Deficit,” RFD, 24 Aug. 1948; these thoughts induced him to write a more formal arithmetic model that would explain the multicausal relationship between devaluation and trade balances, “Devaluation and the Trade Balance: A Note,”
The Review of Economics and Statistics
31:1 (February 1949), pp. 50–53; Charles P. Kindleberger to AOH, box 65, folder 7, AOHP.

33
. AOH, “Disinflation, Discrimination, and the Dollar Shortage,”
American Economic Review
38:5 (December 1948), pp. 886–892.

34
. “International Aspects of a Recession,” RFD, 7 June 1949; “The US Recession and the Dollar Position of the OEEC Countries,” RFD, 27 Sept. 1949.

35
. Alan S. Milward,
The Reconstruction of Postwar Europe, 1945–1951
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), p. 278.

36
. “The New Intra-European Payments Scheme,” RFD, 19 July 1949.

37
. AOH to UH, 22 Sept. 1947, PP.

38
. Bissell,
Reflections
, p. 66; AOH, “Proposal for a European Monetary Authority,” 2 Nov. 1949, Program Secretary, ECA, box 65, folder 7, AOHP; AOH, “Proposal for the Establishment of a European Monetary Authority,” marked “Secret”, box 65, folder 7, AOHP.

39
. “European Payments Union—A Possible Basis for Agreement,” RFD, 28 Feb. 1950; “Multilateralism and European Integration,” RFD, 25 Apr. 1950.

40
. Bissell,
Reflections
, p. 57.

41
. AOH, “Approaches to Multilateralism and European Integration,” Department of State, Foreign Service Institute, Washington DC, 1950, box 65, folder 9, AOHP.

42
. Behrman,
Most Noble Adventure
, pp. 290–327.

43
. AOH to UH, 17 Aug. 1949, PP.

44
. SH, interview, 8 Aug. 2005; AOH to UH, 24 Feb. 1946, PP.

45
. AOH, interview, 31 June 2002.

46
. KS, interview, 11 May 2007.

47
. SH, interview, 8 Aug. 2005.

48
. Ibid.

49
. David M. Oshinsky,
A Conspiracy So Immense: The World of Joe McCarthy
(New York: Oxford University press, 2005).

50
. AOH to UH, 2 Feb. 1948; AOH to UH, n.d. [summer 1948], PP.

51
. AOH, “Criteria, Timing, and Revision of US Economic Aid to Western Europe,” 15 June 1951, box 66, folder 1, AOHP.

52
. “The Problem of the Belgian Surplus in the EPU,” RFD, 25 Sept. 1951.

53
. AOH to UH, 20 Jan. 1951, PP.

54
. AOH to Tommy Tomlinson, 13 July, 1951, box 65, folder 7, AOHP.

55
. AOH to UH, n.d. [early 1951], PP.

56
. AOH to HH, 10 Apr. 1951, PP.

57
. AOH to UH, 22 Dec. 1951, PP; AOH, interview, 11 Mar. 2002.

58
. Sandy Stevenson, interview, 17 Oct. 2003.