Zoobiquity (41 page)

  
1
As trivial as it might seem
: Heart Rhythm Society, “Syncope,” accessed October 2, 2011.
http://www.hrsonline.org/patientinfo/symptomsdiagnosis/fainting/
.

  
2
emergency rooms handle more
: “National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2008 Emergency Department Summary Tables,”
National Health Statistics Ambulatory Medical Survey
7 (2008): pp. 11, 18.

  
3
About a third of all adults
: Blair P. Grubb,
The Fainting Phenomenon: Understanding Why People Faint and What to Do About It
, Malden: Blackwell-Futura, 2007: p. 3.

  
4
writers from Shakespeare
: Kenneth W. Heaton, “Faints, Fits, and Fatalities from Emotion in Shakespeare’s Characters: Survey of the Canon,”
BMJ
333 (2006): pp. 1335–38.

  
5
Yet this kind of fainting
: Army Casualty Program, “Army Regulation 600-8-1,” last modified April 30, 2007, accessed September 20, 2011.
http://www.apd.army.mil/pdffiles/r600_8_1.pdf
.

  
6
And every obstetrician knows
: Edward T. Crosby, and Stephen H. Halpern, “Epidural for Labour, and Fainting Fathers,”
Canadian Journal of Anesthesia
36 (1989): p. 482.

  
7
the “clot production” hypothesis
: Paolo Alboni, Marco Alboni, and Giorgio Beterorelle, “The Origin of Vasovagal Syncope: To Protect the Heart or to Escape Predation?”
Clinical Autonomic Research
18 (2008): pp. 170–78.

  
8
A survey of any veterinarian’s
: Wendy Ware, “Syncope,” Waltham/OSU Symposium: Small Animal Cardiology 2002, accessed February 20, 2009.
http://www.vin.com/proceedings/Proceedings.plx?CID=WALTHAMOSU2002&PID=2992
.

  
9
Wildlife veterinarians
: Personal correspondence between authors and wildlife veterinarians.

10
“fainted so completely that”:
George L. Engel and John Romano, “Studies of Syncope: IV. Biologic Interpretation of Vasodepressor Syncope,”
Psychosomatic Medicine
29 (1947): p. 288.

11
“not only tremble and turn”:
Ibid.

12
Woodchucks, rabbits, fawns, and monkeys
: Norbert E. Smith and Robert A. Woodruff, “Fear Bradycardia in Free-Ranging Woodchucks,
Marmota monax,” Journal of Mammalogy
61 (1980): p. 750.

13
Willow grouse, caimans, cats, squirrels
: Ibid.

14
Once I started looking into
: Nadine K. Jacobsen, “Alarm Bradycardia in White-Tailed Deer Fawns (
Odocoileus virginianus
),
” Journal of Mammalogy
60 (1979): p. 343.

15
One noticeable difference between animal
: J. Gert van Dijk, “Fainting in Animals,”
Clinical Autonomic Research
13 (2003): p. 247–55.

16
One study demonstrated that inexperienced
: Alan B. Sargeant and Lester E. Eberhardt, “Death Feigning by Ducks in Response to Predation by Red Foxes (
Vulpes fulva
),
” American Midland Naturalist
94 (1975): pp. 108–19.

17
In 1941, twenty-one-year-old
: UCSB Department of History, “Nina Morecki: My Life, 1922–1945,” accessed August 25, 2011.
http://www.history.ucsb.edu/projects/holocaust/NinasStory/letter02.htm
.

18
This strategy has been described
: Anatoly Kuznetsov,
Babi Yar: A Document in the Form of a Novel
, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1970; Mark Obmascik, “Columbine—Tragedy and Recovery: Through the Eyes of Survivors,”
Denver Post
, June 13, 1999, accessed September 12, 2011.
http://extras.denverpost.com/news/shot0613a.htm
.

19
A vagal state can make
: Tim Caro,
Antipredator Defenses in Birds and Mammals
, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005.

20
Rape-prevention educators
: Illinois State Police, “Sexual Assault Information,” accessed September 6, 2011.
http://www.isp.state.il.us/crime/assault.cfm
.

21
They suggest that when fighting back
: David H. Barlow,
Anxiety and Its Disorders: The Nature and Treatment of Anxiety and Panic
, New York: Guilford, 2001: p. 4; Gallup, Gordon G., Jr., “Tonic Immobility,” in
Comparative Psychology: A Handbook
, edited by Gary Greenberg, 780. London: Routledge, 1998.

22
Many narratives taken
: Karen Human Rights Group, “Torture of Karen Women by SLORC: An Independent Report by the Karen Human Rights Group, February 16, 1993,” accessed September 30, 2011.
http://www.khrg.org/khrg93/93_02_16b.html
; Inquirer Wire Service, “Klaus Barbie: Women Testify of Torture at His Hand,”
Philadelphia Inquirer
, March 23, 1987, accessed September 30, 2011.
http://writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/Holocaust/barbie.html
; Human Rights Watch, “Egypt: Impunity for Torture Fuels Days of Rage,” January 31, 2011, accessed September 30, 2011.
http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/01/31/egypt-impunity-torture-fuels-days-rage
.

23
Female robberflies
: Göran Arnqvist and Locke Rowe,
Sexual Conflict
, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005.

24
Some experts believe
: David A. Ball, “The crucifixion revisited,”
Journal of the Mississippi State Medical Association
49 (2008): pp. 67–73.

25
Canadian scientists studying white-tailed deer
: Aaron N. Moen, M. A. DellaFera, A. L. Hiller, and B. A. Buxton, “Heart Rates of White-Tailed Deer Fawns in Response to Recorded Wolf Howls,”
Canadian Journal of Zoology
56 (1978): pp. 1207–10.

26
On the night of January
: I. Yoles, M. Hod, B. Kaplan, and J. Ovadia, “Fetal ‘Fright-Bradycardia’ Brought On by Air-Raid Alarm in Israel,”
International Journal of Gynecology Obstetrics
40 (1993): p. 157.

27
In the maternity ward
: Ibid., pp. 157–60.

28
Hiding in the face of
: Caro,
Antipredator Defenses
.

29
But when oscars get stressed
: Stéphan G. Reebs, “Fishes Feigning Death,”
howfishbehave.ca
, 2007, accessed September 12, 2011.
http://www.howfishbehave.ca/pdf/Feigning%20death.pdf
.

30
The fish heart has
: Karel Liem, William E. Bemis, Warren F. Walker Jr., and Lance
Grande,
Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrate: An Evolutionary Perspective
, 3rd ed., Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, 2001.

31
Called ampullary organs
: David Hudson Evans and James B. Clairborne,
The Physiology of Fish
, Zug, Switzerland: CRC Press, 2005.

32
The Volvo car company
: Tom Scocca, “Volvo Drivers Will No Longer Be Electronically Protected from Ax Murderers Lurking in the Back Seat,”
Slate.com
, July 22, 2010, accessed October 2, 2011.
http://www.slate.com/content/slate/blogs/scocca/2010/07/22/volvo_drivers_will_no_longer_be_electronically_protected_from_ax_murderers_lurking_in_the_back_seat.html
.

33
The same goes for a peculiar
: Caro,
Antipredator Defenses
.

34
Wildlife biologists call these
: Ibid.

  
1
Five times the number
: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Achievements in Public Health, 1900–1999: Decline in Deaths from Heart Disease and Stroke—United States, 1900–1999,”
MMWR Weekly
48 (August 6, 1999): pp. 649–56.

  
2
Every two years, starting in 1948
: “Framingham Heart Study,” accessed October 7, 2011.
http://www.framinghamheartstudy.org/
.

  
3
In 2012 he began enrolling
: Morris Animal Foundation, “Helping Dogs Enjoy a Healthier Tomorrow,” accessed September 28, 2011.
http://www.morrisanimalfoundation.org/our-research/major-health-campaigns/clhp.html
.

  
4
completed in 2005
: Kerstin Lindblad-Toh, Claire M. Wade, Tarjei S. Mikkelsen, Elinor K. Karlsson, David B. Jaffe, Michael Kamal, Michele Clamp, et al., “Genome Sequence, Comparative Analysis and Haplotype Structure of the Domestic Dog,”
Nature
438 (2005): pp. 803–19.

  
5
As I patted
: Linda Hettich interview, Anaheim, CA, June 12, 2010.

  
6
Smoking, sun exposure, excess alcohol
: National Toxicology Program, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, “Substances Listed in the Twelfth Report on Carcinogens,”
Report on Carcinogens, Twelfth Edition
(2011): pp. 15–16, accessed October 7, 2011.
http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/twelfth/ListedSubstancesKnown.pdf
.

  
7
There’s also a catalog
: Kathleen Sebelius, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Secretary,
12th Report on Carcinogens
, Washington, DC: U.S. DHHS (June 10, 2011), accessed October 7, 2011.
http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/twelfth/roc12.pdf
; National Toxicology Program, “Substances Listed,” pp. 15–16.

  
8
“The desire to explain sickness”:
Charles E. Rosenberg, “Disease and Social Order in America: Perceptions and Expectations,” in “AIDS: The Public Context of an Epidemic,”
Milbank Quarterly
64 (1986): p. 50.

  
9
Intriguingly, many canine cancers
: David J. Waters, and Kathleen Wildasin, “Cancer Clues from Pet Dogs: Studies of Pet Dogs with Cancer Can Offer Unique Help in the Fight Against Human Malignancies While Also Improving Care for Man’s Best Friend,”
Scientific American
(December 2006): pp. 94–101.

10
leukemia or lymphoma
: American Association of Feline Practitioners, “Feline Leukemia Virus,” accessed December 19, 2011.
http://www.vet.cornell.edu/fhc/brochures/felv.html
; PETMD, “Lymphoma in Cats,” accessed December 19, 2011.
http://www.petmd.com/cat/conditions/cancer/c_ct_lymphoma#.Tu_RQ1Yw28B
.

11
And when a cat’s owner
: Giovanni P. Burrai, Sulma I. Mohammed, Margaret A. Miller, Vincenzo Marras, Salvatore Pirino, Maria F. Addis, and Sergio Uzzau, “Spontaneous Feline Mammary Intraepithelial Lesions as a Model for Human Estrogen Receptor and Progesterone Receptor-Negative Breast Lesions,”
BMC Cancer
10 (2010): p. 156.

12
Rabbit hysterectomies
: Daniel D. Smeak and Barbara A. Lightner, “Rabbit Ovariohysterectomy,” Veterinary Educational Videos Collection from Dr. Banga’s websites, accessed April 1, 2012.
http//video.google.com/videoplay?docid=5953436041779809619
.

13
Parakeets are prone
: M. L. Petrak and C. E. Gilmore, “Neoplasms,” in
Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds
, ed. Margaret Petrak, pp. 606–37. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1982.

14
Zoo veterinarians have reported
: Luigi L. Capasso, “Antiquity of Cancer,”
International Journal of Cancer
113 (2005): pp. 2–13;, S. V. Machotka and G. D. Whitney, “Neoplasms in Snakes: Report of a Probable Mesothelioma in a Rattlesnake and a Thorough Tabulation of Earlier Cases,” in
The Comparative Pathology of Zoo Animals
, eds. R. J. Montali and G. Migaki, pp. 593–602. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1980.

15
Equine sunburn
: University of Minnesota Equine Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, “Gray Horse Melanoma,” accessed October 7, 2011.
http://www.cvm.umn.edu/equinegenetics/ghmelanoma/home.html
.

16
may connect more to a genetic issue
: Gerli Rosengren Pielberg, Anna Golovko, Elisabeth Sundström, Ino Curik, Johan Lennartsson, Monika H. Seltenhammer, Thomas Druml, et al., “A
Cis
-Acting Regulatory Mutation Causes Premature Hair Graying and Susceptibility to Melanoma in the Horse,”
Nature Genetics
40 (2008): pp. 1004–09; S. Rieder, C. Stricker, H. Joerg, R. Dummer, and G. Stranzinger, “A Comparative Genetic Approach for the Investigation of Ageing Grey Horse Melanoma,”
Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics
117 (2000): pp. 73–82; Kerstin Lindblad-Toh telephone interview, July 28, 2010.

17
Her cancer grew under her horn
: Olsen Ebright, “Rhinoceros Fights Cancer at LA Zoo,”
NBC Los Angeles
, November 17, 2009, accessed October 14, 2011.
http://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/Los-Angeles-Zoo-Randa-Skin-Cancer-70212192.html
.

18
Cattle also develop squamous cell
: W. C. Russell, J. S. Brinks, and R. A. Kainer, “Incidence and Heritability of Ocular Squamous Cell Tumors in Hereford Cattle,”
Journal of Animal Science
43 (1976): pp. 1156–62.

19
Strike-branding livestock
: I. Yeruham, S. Perl, and A. Nyska, “Skin Tumours in Cattle and Sheep After Freeze- or Heat-Branding,”
Journal of Comparative Pathology
114 (1996): pp. 101–06.

20
Osteosarcoma, the cancer
: Stephen J. Withrow and Chand Khanna, “Bridging the Gap Between Experimental Animals and Humans in Osteosarcoma,”
Cancer Treatment and Research
152 (2010): pp. 439–46.

21
Sadly, a killer whale
: M. Yonezawa, H. Nakamine, T. Tanaka, and T. Miyaji, “Hodgkin’s Disease in a Killer Whale (
Orcinus orca
),”
Journal of Comparative Pathology
100 (1989): pp. 203–07.

22
And the neuroendocrine cancer
: G. Minkus, U. Jütting, M. Aubele, K. Rodenacker, P. Gais, W. Breuer, and W. Hermanns, “Canine Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Pancreas: A Study Using Image Analysis Techniques for the Discrimination of the Metastatic Versus Nonmetastatic Tumors,”
Veterinary Pathology
37 (1997): pp.
138–145; G. A. Andrews, N. C. Myers III, and C. Chard-Bergstrom, “Immunohistochemistry of Pancreatic Islet Cell Tumors in the Ferret (
Mustela putorius furo
),
” Veterinary Pathology
34 (1997): pp. 387–93.

23
Wild sea turtles around
: Denise McAloose and Alisa L. Newton, “Wildlife Cancer: A Conservation Perspective,”
Nature Reviews: Cancer
9 (2009): p. 521.

24
Genital cancers have become rampant
: Ibid.

25
Tasmanian devils, found only
: R. Loh, J. Bergfeld, D. Hayes, A. O’Hara, S. Pyecroft, S. Raidal, and R. Sharpe, “The Pathology of Devil Facial Tumor Disease (DFTD) in Tasmanian Devils (
Sarcophilus harrisii
),
” Veterinary Pathology
43 (2006): pp. 890–95.

26
Attwater’s prairie chickens
: McAloose and Newton, “Wildlife Cancer,” pp. 517–26.

27
Western barred bandicoots
: Ibid.

28
The disease can even be destructive
: The Huntington Library, Art Collection, and Botanical Gardens, “Do Plants Get Cancer? The Effects of Infecting Sunflower Seedlings with
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
,
”
accessed October 7, 2011.
http://www.huntington.org/uploadedFiles/Files/PDFs/GIB-DoPlantsGetCancer.pdf
; John H. Doonan and Robert Sablowski, “Walls Around Tumours—Why Plants Do Not Develop Cancer,”
Nature
10 (2010): pp. 794–802.

29
More than 3,500 years
: James S. Olson,
Bathsheba’s Breast: Women, Cancer, and History
. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002.

30
“Among ancients, breast cancer”:
Ibid.

31
They’ve examined Bronze Age
: Mel Greaves,
Cancer: The Evolutionary Legacy
, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000; Capasso, “Antiquity of Cancer,” pp. 2–13.

32
In 1997, amateur fossil hunters
: Kathy A. Svitil, “Killer Cancer in the Cretaceous,”
Discover Magazine
, November 3, 2003, accessed May 24, 2010.
http://discovermagazine.com/2003/nov/killer-cancer1102
.

33
“As the tumor grew”:
Ibid.

34
Other paleo-oncologists
: B. M. Rothschild, D. H. Tanke, M. Helbling, and L. D. Martin, “Epidemiologic Study of Tumors in Dinosaurs,”
Naturwissenschaften
90 (2003): pp. 495–500.

35
At the University of Pittsburgh
: University of Pittsburgh Schools of the Health Sciences Media Relations, “Study of Dinosaurs and Other Fossil Part of Plan by Pitt Medical School to Graduate Better Doctors Through Unique Collaboration with Carnegie Museum of Natural History,” last updated February 28, 2006, accessed March 2, 2012.
http://www.upmc.com/MediaRelations/NewsReleases/2006/Pages/StudyFossils.aspx
.

36
And evidence of probable metastatic cancer
: Bruce M. Rothschild, Brian J. Witzke, and Israel Hershkovitz, “Metastatic Cancer in the Jurassic,”
Lancet
354 (1999): p. 398.

37
About sixty-five million years ago
: G. V. R. Prasad and H. Cappetta, “Late Cretaceous Selachians from India and the Age of the Deccan Traps,”
Palaeontology
36 (1993): pp. 231–48.

38
Ionizing radiation, toxic volcanic spew
: Tom Simkin, “Distant Effects of Volcanism—How Big and How Often?”
Science
264 (1994): pp. 913–14.

39
In fact, cycads and conifers
: Rothschild et al., “Epidemiologic Study,” pp. 495–500; Dolores R. Piperno and Hans-Dieter Sues, “Dinosaurs Dined on Grass,”
Science
310 (2005): pp. 1126–28.

40
“becomes a statistical inevitability”:
Greaves,
Cancer
.

41
Genomics researchers
: John D Nagy, Erin M. Victor, and Jenese H. Cropper, “Why
Don’t All Whales Have Cancer? A Novel Hypothesis Resolving Peto’s Paradox,”
Integrative and Comparative Biology
47 (2007): pp. 317–28.

42
larger species, overall
: R. Peto, F. J. C. Roe, P. N. Lee, L. Levy, and J. Clack, “Cancer and Ageing in Mice and Men,”
British Journal of Cancer
32 (1975): pp. 411–26.

43
In one Swedish study
: Patricio Rivera, “Biochemical Markers and Genetic Risk Factors in Canine Tumors,” doctoral thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, 2010.

44
Zoo veterinarians report
: Linda Munson and Anneke Moresco, “Comparative Pathology of Mammary Gland Cancers in Domestic and Wild Animals,”
Breast Disease
28 (2007): pp. 7–21.

45
Here I should pause
: Christie Wilcox, “Ocean of Pseudoscience: Sharks DO get cancer!”
Science Blogs
, September 6, 2010, accessed October 13, 2011.
http://scienceblogs.com/observations/2010/09/ocean_of_pseudoscience_sharks.php
.

46
Professional lactators
: Munson and Moresco, “Comparative Pathology,” pp. 7–21.

47
Some wild bats
: Xiaoping Zhang, Cheng Zhu, Haiyan Lin, Qing Yang, Qizhi Ou, Yuchun Li, Zhong Chen, et al. “Wild Fulvous Fruit Bats (
Rousettus leschenaulti
) Exhibit Human-Like Menstrual Cycle,”
Biology of Reproduction
77 (2007): pp. 358–64.

48
In fact, worldwide, some 20 percent
: World Health Organization, “Viral Cancers,”
Initiative for Vaccine Research
, accessed October 7, 2011.
http://www.who.int/vaccine_research/diseases/viral_cancers/en/index1.html
.

49
Across Africa’s “lymphoma belt”:
S. H. Swerdlow, E. Campo, N. L. Harris, E. S. Jaffe, S. A. Pileri, H. Stein, J. Thiele, et al.,
World Health Organization Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues
, Lyon: IARC Press, 2008; Arnaud Chene, Daria Donati, Jackson Orem, Anders Bjorkman, E. R. Mbidde, Fred Kironde, Mats Wahlgren, et al., “Endemic Burkitt’s Lymphoma as a Polymicrobial Disease: New Insights on the Interaction Between Plasmodium Falciparum and Epstein-Barr Virus,”
Seminars in Cancer Biology
19 (2009): pp. 411–420.

50
According to the WHO
: World Health Organization, “Viral Cancers.”

51
In 1982, dead beluga whales
: Daniel Martineau, Karin Lemberger, André Dallaire, Phillippe Labelle, Thomas P. Lipscomb, Pascal Michel, and Igor Mikaelian, “Cancer in Wildlife, a Case Study: Beluga from the St. Lawrence Estuary, Québec, Canada,”
Environmental Health Perspectives
110 (2002): pp. 285–92.

52
Animals even forewarn us
: Peter M. Rabinowitz, Matthew L. Scotch, and Lisa A. Conti, “Animals as Sentinels: Using Comparative Medicine to Move Beyond the Laboratory,”
Institute for Laboratory Animal Research Journal
51 (2010): pp. 262–67.

53
Although PCB production and DDT use
: Gina M. Ylitalo, John E. Stein, Tom Hom, Lyndal L. Johnson, Karen L. Tilbury, Alisa J. Hall, Teri Rowles, et al., “The Role of Organochlorides in Cancer-Associated Mortality in California Sea Lions,”
Marine Pollution Bulletin
50 (2005): pp. 30–39; Ingfei Chen, “Cancer Kills Many Sea Lions, and Its Cause Remains a Mystery,”
New York Times
, March 4, 2010, accessed March 8, 2010.
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/05/science/05sfsealion.html
.