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For the description of blame being spread around, I used American Oracle: The Civil War in the Civil Rights Era by David W. Blight (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2011).

For the section on shame I turned to I Thought It Was Just Me (But It Isn’t): Making the Journey from “What Will People Think?” to “I Am Enough,” by Brené Brown (New York: Gotham Books, 2007). I also listened to her TED talks, “The Power of Vulnerability” and “Listening to Shame” (http://www.ted.com/talks/brene_brown_on_vulnerability?; http://www.ted.com/talks/brene_brown_listening_to_shame?).

For the section about McDonald’s, I had multiple informal conversations over coffee with a black man who grew up in Farmville, left when the schools closed, and returned decades later. He asked that his name not be used. During the summer I lived in Farmville, I routinely drank coffee in McDonald’s and witnessed the dynamics between the white and the black regulars.

The section about Prince Edward County’s having two school systems was based on an interview with the school board’s chair, Russell Dove. To write about Eric Griffin’s call for Fuqua to close, I used Jamie C. Ruff, “Fuqua School Remains Point of Contention in Prince Edward,” Richmond Times-Dispatch (February 28, 2009). I also used “Prince Edward’s Turning Point” and interviewed Woodley.

To write the section about mixed marriages and multiracial kids, I relied on census reports from 2010, as well as a Gallup poll about the acceptance of mixed-race marriages. See Susan Saulny, “Census Data Presents Rise in Multiracial Population of Youths,” New York Times (March 24, 2011); Andrea Stone, “Multiracial American Population Grew Faster Than Single-Race Segment in 2010 Census,” Huffington Post (September 27, 2012); William H. Frey, “Census Projects New ‘Majority Minority’ Tipping Points,” Brookings Institution (December 13, 2012). I also used a story I wrote, “One Family, Many Shades,” Richmond Times-Dispatch (May 8, 2011). I used an interview with Ken Woodley to describe how the Farmville Herald started running photographs of couples. A multiracial family was on the cover of the Farmville Herald on February 5, 2014.

The three conversations with my daughters about skin color occurred in 2013 and 2014.

To write about Obama’s speech after the acquittal of George Zimmerman in the killing of Trayvon Martin, I used a transcript provided by the Washington Post (July 19, 2013).

I based the section about how Mimi and Elsie’s relationship changed on interviews with Elsie, my mother and my aunt, Beverley Anne. Elsie and I flipped through her photo albums and talked in 2014.

Recommended Reading

All Deliberate Speed, Charles J. Ogletree Jr.

Arc of Justice, Kevin Boyle

The Big Bang, edited by Jonathan K. Stubbs

“Brown v. Board of Education”: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy, James T. Patterson

Carry Me Home, Diane McWhorter

Common Ground, J. Anthony Lukas

Crusaders in the Courts, Jack Greenberg

Eyes on the Prize, Juan Williams

Freedom Riders, Raymond Arsenault

Freedom Summer, Bruce Watson

The Grace of Silence, Michele Norris

The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, Rebecca Skloot

Israel on the Appomattox, Melvin Patrick Ely

Jim Crow’s Children, Peter Irons

A Matter of Justice, David A. Nichols

Men We Reaped, Jesmyn Ward

The Moderates’ Dilemma, edited by Matthew D. Lassiter and Andrew B. Lewis

Parting the Waters, Taylor Branch

The Race Beat, Gene Roberts and Hank Klibanoff

Simple Justice, Richard Kluger

Slavery by Another Name, Douglas A. Blackmon

Students on Strike, John A. Stokes with Lois Wolfe

Their Eyes Were Watching God, Zora Neale Hurston

There Goes My Everything, Jason Sokol

They Closed Their Schools, Bob Smith

Through My Eyes, Ruby Bridges

Thurgood Marshall, Juan Williams

Virginia’s Massive Resistance, Benjamin Muse

The Warmth of Other Suns, Isabel Wilkerson

Index

The pagination of this electronic edition does not match the edition from which it was created. To locate a specific entry, please use your e-book reader’s search tools.

Abbitt, Watkins M., 178

Abernathy, Brenda, 190, 191

Abernathy, George, 190, 191

African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME), 103, 169

Alabama, 165

Allen, George, 219

Almond, J. Lindsay, Jr., 49, 80–82, 84, 141

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 28

American Federation of Teachers, 169

American Friends Service Committee (AFSC), 168–69, 193

Anderson, James M., Jr., 230, 231

Anderson, John T., 133

Andrews, Donna Peery, 237

Andrews, Lester E., Sr., 143, 145–46, 237, 255

apology, 10, 238, 239, 243, 250, 262

by Longwood University, 249

by Virginia General Assembly, 248–249

Wall family and, 222

by Woodley, 248–249

Appomattox River, 62

Ashe, Arthur, 33

Ashton, James, 238

Atlanta, Ga., 96, 248

Ayers, Edward L., 118

Bagby, J. Boyd, 93–94, 126

Baldwin’s Department Store, 166

Banks, W. Lester, 48, 84

Barnett, Ross, 181

Bartlett, Wade, 248

Bash, James, 76–77, 255

Bass, B. Calvin, 74, 115–17, 119, 143, 145–46

Bass, Beatrice, 116

Bass, Beverly, 115–17

Bazile, Leon M., 27

Belton, Ethel Louise, 52

Belton v. Gebhart, 51

Berea College, 169

Berryman, Everett, 152, 172, 192, 237, 251–53

Beulah African Methodist Episcopal Church, 170

Birmingham, Ala., 167–68, 170, 182, 189, 248

Blight, David W., 256

Bloody Monday, 169

Bolling, Spottswood Thomas, Jr., 52

Bolling
et al.
v. C. Melvine Sharpe
et al.
(District of Columbia), 52

Boston, Mass., 31

Boston Globe, 8

Bound for Freedom (Sullivan), 187

Boynton v. Virginia, 180

Bridges, Ruby, 164

Briggs v. R. W. Elliott, 51

Brown, Frances, 153

Brown, Linda, 50, 231

Brown, Oliver, 50

Brown, Ricky, 152–53, 199–201, 227–28, 237

Brown, Shirby Scott, 200–201, 237

Brown, Walter, 153

Brownell, Herbert, Jr., 54

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, 12, 34, 50–56, 97, 143, 145, 163–65, 178, 195, 231

Belton v. Gebhart, 51

Bolling
et al.
v. C. Melvine Sharpe
et al.
(District of Columbia), 52

Briggs v. R. W. Elliott, 51

Brown II, 74, 75, 77

Bulah v. Gebhart, 51

Davis
et al.
v. County School Board of Prince Edward County, 49, 50, 52–53, 250

Eisenhower and, 53, 73, 79, 80

Farmville Herald and, 64–68, 69

Kennedy and, 178

lack of reinforcement of, 79

NAACP and, 50–51, 65

Prince Edward County’s resistance to, 64–69, 73–79, 82–85

reactions to, 58–60

school districts’ flouting of, 73

Southern defiance of, 79, 163

Southern Manifesto and, 79

vague wording of, 73, 77

Virginia’s resistance to, 59–60

Bruce, John G., 70, 74–75

Buckingham County, 13–14, 230

Buffalo Shook Company, 153

Bulah, Sarah, 51

Bulah, Shirley Barbara, 51, 52

Bulah v. Gebhart, 51

Bullet (newspaper of Mary Washington College), 90

Burger, Robert, 174, 175

buses, 179–81, 197

Freedom Riders and, 179–81

Montgomery bus boycott and, 141, 165, 197

Parks and, 141, 165, 197

school, in Prince Edward County, 187

Bush League, 145–46, 179, 237

Butcher, Buck, 126

Butcher, George Fred, 125

Butcher, Rebecca, 126, 252

Butcher’s Store, 125–26

Byrd, Harry Flood, Sr., 59–60, 79, 82, 142, 178, 249

Byrnes, James F., 59

Byvik, Cristina, 263

Calhoun, John C., 66

Cambridge Education, 233–34

Campus School, 230

Carter, Edward A., 75

Carver-Price School, 151–52

Carwile, Hugh Elliott “H. E.,” Jr., 246

Cave, Peggy, 197–98

Cedar Brook Restaurant, 13, 240–41

Central High School, 79–80, 164–65

Centra Southside Hospital, 238, 254 see also Southside Community Hospital

Chambers, Lenoir, 81–82

Charlotte, NC, 164

Chi, Anne, 263

Civil Rights Act, 136, 183, 196

civil rights movement, 28, 34, 53, 112, 118, 141–42, 165–66, 189

Bloody Monday in, 169

Farmville demonstrations in, 170–76, 186, 238, 240–41

Freedom Riders in, 179–81

March on Washington in, 185–86

Montgomery bus boycott in, 141, 165, 197

sit-ins in, 165–67, 170, 251

violence and, see violence

see also desegregation

Civil War, 21, 61, 62, 68, 98, 136, 137, 198

Farmville and, 21, 62–63

Prince Edward County and, 62–64

slavery and, 98

Clark, Kenneth B., 55

Clark, Mamie, 55

Clement, Frank G., 163

Clinton High School, 163

Cocke, William B., Jr., 69

Coles, Nellie, 111

College Shoppe, 171, 173

Collins, Addie Mae, 189

Collins, Sarah, 189

Congress of Racial Equality, 179

Connor, Bull, 167–68

Constitution, 79, 183

Fourteenth Amendment to, 55, 136, 185, 195

school segregation as unconstitutional, 54–56

Counts, Dorothy “Dot” Geraldine, 164

Cralle, Richard “Dickie,” 19–20

Crawford, Robert, 69, 82–83

Creighton Court, 208

Cumberland County, 145–46, 201–2

Cumberland meeting, 145–46

Dahl, E. Louis, 116

Danville, Va., 169

Darden, Colgate W., Jr., 185, 194

Davenport, Inez, 41, 50

Davidson, Shirley, 128

Davis, Dorothy, 49

Davis
et al.
v. County School Board of Prince Edward County, 49, 50, 52–53, 250

Defenders of State Sovereignty and Individual Liberties, 68–71, 73–76, 79, 82, 98, 115–17, 178

Papa in, 70–71, 253–54, 266

plan to withhold funds from schools, 73–78

public meeting of, 76

tactics used by, 118

Delaware, 231

Department of Education, 231

Department of Justice, 178–79, 181, 184–85

desegregation, 142, 163–65, 231

Brown in, see Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas

busing and, 208

Eisenhower and, 142, 163, 165

in Little Rock, 79–80

massive resistance strategy against, 60, 79, 80–82

NAACP’s focus on, 46

at Prince Edward Academy, 212–16

Prince Edward County ordered to take steps toward, 83

Prince Edward County’s resistance to, 64–69, 73–79, 82–85, 98

private schools opened in response to, 96–97

and proposal to create private school for black children, 139–42

Virginia’s resistance to, 59–60, 79, 80–82

see also civil rights movement; segregation

Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, 141

Donaldson, Ivanhoe, 175

Douglas, Goodwin, 170–73, 254

Dove, Russell L., 260–61

Dred Scott v. Sandford, 136

Duke University, 216

Dunlap, Alexander Isaiah “AI,” 103–4, 106, 107, 109, 169

Dunnington, J. W., 70

Dunnington Tobacco Company, 106, 108

Eanes, McCarthy, 190–92

Eanes, Gertrude, 191–92

Eastland, James, 59

Edwards, Heather, 218–19

Eisenhower, Dwight D., 142, 163, 165, 168

Brown and, 53, 73, 79, 80

school closures and, 177

Warren appointed by, 53–54

Ellington, A. Q. “Andy,” 238

Emancipation Proclamation, 136, 182, 183

Ennis, Jim, 121–22

Evers, Medgar, 184

Farmville, Va., 10, 11, 17–22, 23, 30, 32–34, 61–64, 69, 91, 98–99, 104, 131, 196–97, 217–20, 254–55, 259–60

Bass family in, 115–17

Centra Southside Hospital in, 238; see also Southside Community Hospital

Civil War and, 21, 62–63

Cralle and, 19–20

demonstrations in, 170–76, 186, 239, 240

demonstrators arrested in, 175–76, 238, 240–41

First Baptist Church in, 20, 111–13, 153, 172, 174, 237–39, 246

founding of, 61–62

Green Front Furniture in, 19, 20

Kristen and Jason’s wedding in, 24–26

Longwood University in, 17, 19–22, 66, 76, 77, 112, 145, 147, 174, 203, 211, 215, 230, 245, 249, 255

Moton Museum in, see Moton Museum

progress in, 219–20, 260, 263

racism in, 119–20

Reconciliation Pilgrimage in, 219

Reconciliation Statue in, 33

segregation in, 21, 135–36, 170–71, 209, 219

Farmville Baptist Church, 12–13, 16, 94, 127, 197

demonstration at, 174–75, 237, 239–41

Farmville Elementary School, 121–23

Farmville Female Seminary Association, 19

Farmville Herald, 18, 60, 76–78, 83, 99, 118, 139, 143–44, 189, 213, 222–23, 246, 248, 261

Brown decision and, 64–68, 69

wedding photos in, 26, 263

Farmville High School, 40, 48, 76–77, 217, 245

proposed as Prince Edward Academy building, 143–44

Farmville Jail, 175

Farmville Memorial Recreation Association, 144

Farmville Methodist Church, 174

Farmville Women’s Club House, 94–95, 121, 124–25

Farmville Moose Lodge, 94, 123, 127–28

Farmville Presbyterian Church, 94, 255

Faubus, Orval Eugene, 80, 165

Faulkner, William, 205

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 194

Field Foundation, 185

First Baptist Church, 20, 111–13, 153, 172, 174, 237–39, 246

Fitzpatrick, W. C., 70

Florida, 165

Ford Foundation, 185

Forrester Council, 246, 247

Foster High School, 148–49

Foundation School, 169