0062268678 _N_ (39 page)

Bass and, 117

books and materials for, 96

Butcher as teacher at, 126–28

construction of building, 144–45

establishment of, 2, 7–9, 11, 17, 58, 75, 76, 98–99, 146, 187, 228, 229

financial problems of, 215–16

funds for, 95–96, 144

Fuqua and, 216–17

grants given to patrons of, 195–96

Kristen as student at, 2, 75, 89, 97, 207, 210–12, 214–15, 256

Kristen’s father as student at, 75, 122–23, 127, 211

Kristen’s father’s volunteer positions with, 75

Kristen’s mother as student at, 75, 121, 124–25, 211

Kristen’s mother’s job at, 75, 212, 215

opening of, 121, 143, 144

Papa’s role in, 2, 70, 75, 98, 99, 122, 211–13, 242, 253, 255

poor whites and, 115, 145, 156

preparation for opening of, 92–96

public school resources used for, 9, 96

renamed Fuqua School, 217

Southside Schools and, 139–42

trust left to, 214–15

tuition for, 144–45, 216

see also Fuqua School

Prince Edward Academy facilities, 94–95, 127

creation of new building, 144

Farmville Baptist Church, 94, 127

Farmville High School proposed for, 143–44

Farmville Moose Lodge, 94, 123, 127–28

Farmville Women’s Club House, 94–95, 121, 124–25

Prince Edward County, 17, 31, 34, 35, 61–64

agriculture in, 61

black housekeepers in, 135

in Civil War, 62–64

Defenders in, see Defenders of State Sovereignty and Individual Liberties

demonstrations in, 170–76

desegregation resisted in, 64–69, 73–79, 82–85, 98

founding of, 61

free blacks in, 62

Light of Reconciliation in, 250

ordered to reopen and desegregate schools, 194–95

ordered to take immediate steps toward desegregation, 83

petition in, 78

poverty in, 22

private school established in, see Prince Edward Academy

public schools’ funding withheld in, 73–78, 101

public schools reopened in, 196, 201

segregation in, 166–67

slaves in, 61

Prince Edward County Board of Supervisors, 74–78, 83, 179

excerpt of resolution passed by, 271

Prince Edward County Christian Association, 104

Prince Edward County High School, 200, 256

Fuqua School and, 226–27

Reed as principal of, 231–36

student performance at, 231, 233–36

Prince Edward County Public Schools, 210–11, 221–23, 261–62

integration of, 221, 230–31

Prince Edward County Public Schools, closure of, 2–3, 8–10, 17, 35, 67, 69, 70, 79, 83–85, 91, 92, 98, 101, 122, 124, 126, 143, 147–55, 167, 168, 171, 177–79, 194, 216–17, 226, 242–43

apathy about history of, 239–40

Bass and, 116–17, 145–46

Brown and, 152–53, 199–201

condition of schools and buses following, 187

Department of Justice and, 178–79, 181, 184–85

Eisenhower and, 177

Elsie’s family and, 2, 17, 122, 137, 156–57, 159–60

Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals and, 47, 81, 83, 181, 185

Free Schools established following, 184–94, 196, 199, 240, 251

generational effects of, 222–23

Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County and, 167, 193–95

illiteracy following, 168, 188, 223

lack of violence surrounding, 117–19

Lockett family and, 149–52

Lost Generation and, 199

Moton graduation hosted for victims of, 250

Moton High School closing, 101–11

NAACP and, 84, 142, 144, 178, 181, 183, 185

national attention drawn to, 168, 182–83, 188

nonprofit assistance and, 168–69

President Kennedy and, 177–79, 181–84, 193, 194

Pride family and, 154–55

responsibility for, 255–56

Robert Kennedy and, 5, 178, 179, 181–84, 194

scholarship program and, 249

students sent away after, 104–5, 122, 147–52

students sent to Kittrell after, 103–7, 109

summer enrichment programs and, 169

Taylor on, 10

training centers established after, 105, 150

Vaughan and, 153–54, 201–3

wait-and-see approach to, 105

Ward family and, 102, 103, 147–49

whites opposed to, 116–17, 145–46, 255

Prince Edward County School Board, 38, 45, 69

Prince Edward Free School Association (Free Schools), 184–94, 196, 199, 240, 251

Prince Edward School Foundation, 8, 93, 95, 116, 143

establishment of, 75, 77

private school for black children proposed by, 139–42

PTAs, 76, 137, 185, 214

Quakers, 168

Queens College, 169

Randolph, Judith, 61–62

Randolph, Richard, 62

Reconstruction, 47, 136, 196

Redd, Robert T., 93–96, 97–99, 126, 131, 212–14, 216, 223, 224

Reed, Craig, 231–36, 239

Reed, Mary, 239

Reid, A. D. “Chuckie,” 237–38, 248

Reid, Frank M., 104

Reid, Justin, 238

Requiem for a Nun (Faulkner), 205

Reveley, W. Taylor, IV, 249

Rice, Va., 106, 107, 115

Richmond, Va., 22, 32–33, 57, 91, 141, 144, 173, 219

busing in, 208

Fan District in, 32

Kristen and Jason’s move to, 30–33, 58, 130

poverty in, 57, 129

revitalization of, 33

school closings and, 82

schools in, 129–31, 261

slave trade and, 33, 35, 57

Richmond News Leader, 66

Richmond Times-Dispatch, 57, 67, 170, 194, 214, 215

Robert Russa Moton High School, see Moton High School; Moton High School, second facility

Robert Russa Moton Museum, see Moton Museum

Robertson, Carole, 189

Robinson, Jackie, 192

Robinson, Johnny, 189

Robinson, Spottswood W., III, 44–46, 48, 49, 53

Rockwell, Norman, 164

Saint Paul’s College, 148, 203

San Diego, Calif., 91–92

Scott, James, 228

Second Annual Pilgrimage of Prayer for Public Schools, 141

segregation, 136, 248

bans on interracial marriage, 27–28

Clarks’ study on harmful effects of, 55

in Farmville, 21, 135–36, 170–71, 209, 219

Jim Crow laws, 136, 141, 165, 166, 196

Montgomery bus boycott and, 141, 165, 197

in Prince Edward County, 166–67

and proposal to create private school for black children, 139–42

in public education, Supreme Court’s ruling as unconstitutional, 54–56

violence and, 167–69

Wallace and, 182

see also civil rights movement; desegregation; “separate but equal” doctrine

segregation academies, 96–97, 224

Seitz, Collins J., 51–52

“separate but equal” doctrine, 48, 50, 52

Plessy v. Ferguson and, 46, 52–55, 136

Shaw University, 166, 167, 175

Simpson, Howard F., 221–22, 248

sit-ins, 165–67, 170, 251

Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, 188–89

slavery:

Civil War and, 98

Emancipation Proclamation and, 136, 182, 183

Prince Edward County and, 61

Richmond and, 33, 35, 57

Turner’s revolt and, 68

slaves, freed, 62, 136

Smith, Bob, They Closed Their Schools, 67, 70

Smith, Kathleen, 235, 236

South Carolina, 96, 165, 231

Southern Case for School Segregation, The (Kilpatrick), 66

Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 141, 169

Southern Manifesto, 79

Southern Politics (Key), 118

Southside Community Hospital, 238, 254

see also Centra Southside Hospital

Southside Schools, 139–42

Speakes, Joy Cabarrus, 250–51

Stanley, Thomas B., 59–60, 78–79

State Corporation Commission, 139

State Theater, 95

Stokes, Carrie, 42–45

Stokes, John, 42, 43

Stubbins, Diane, 229, 237

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 166, 169, 171, 175

Sullivan, Neil V., 186–91, 193–94

Summerton High School, 231

Supreme Court, 46, 184

Belton v. Gebhart, 51

Bolling
et al.
v. C. Melvine Sharpe
et al.
(District of Columbia), 52

Boynton v. Virginia, 180

Briggs v. R. W. Elliott, 51

Brown v. Board of Education, see Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas

Bulah v. Gebhart, 51

busing and, 208

bus segregation and, 165

Davis
et al.
v. County School Board of Prince Edward County, 49, 50, 52–53, 250

Dred Scott v. Sandford, 136

Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County, 167, 193–95

Loving v. Virginia, 27

McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents, 47

Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada, 46–47

Plessy v. Ferguson, 46, 52–55, 136

Prince Edward Academy trust case and, 214

Prince Edward County ordered to reopen and desegregate schools by, 194–95

segregated bus travel and, 179–80

segregated public education ruled unconstitutional by, 54–56

Sweatt v. Painter, 47

Sweatt, Heman Marion, 47

Sweatt v. Painter, 47

Talmadge, Herman, 59

Taylor, Betty, 9

Taylor, Bob, 242

Taylor, Charlie, 107–10

Taylor, Julie, 108

Taylor, Robert E., 7–12, 30, 65, 94, 96, 99, 118, 139, 196, 216, 243, 260

Tews, Letitia, 190

Tews, William W., 190

They Closed Their Schools (Smith), 67, 70

Thompson, Betty, 148

Thompson, Sally B., 237

Thompson, William E., 237

Thompson, Willie, 148

Till, Emmett, 117–18, 184

Time, 171

Timmons, C. R. “Bob,” Jr., 222

tobacco, 18–20, 29, 33, 61–62, 103, 105, 108, 191

Topeka Public Schools, 50–51

Turner, Nat, 68

Tuskegee Institute, 37

Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 198

United Daughters of the Confederacy, 96

United Methodist Church, 94

University of Alabama, 182, 183

University of Mississippi, 181

University of Missouri School of Law, 46

University of Richmond, 208

University of Texas School of Law, 47

University of Virginia, 207

Up from Slavery (Washington), 40

U.S. News &World Report, 185, 189

Vale, Epsie, 111, 123–24, 207, 209

vanden Heuvel, William J., 184, 187

Vaughan, Doug, 153–54, 201–3, 228, 237

Vaughan, JoAnn, 201–2, 228, 237

violence, 167–69, 179, 181, 182, 189

lack of, surrounding school closures, 117–19

Sixteenth Street Baptist Church bombing, 188–89

Vinson, Fred, 53

Virginia, 35, 165, 219

civil rights memorial in, 249

Constitution of, 195

interracial marriage banned in, 27–28

private schools in, 96

resistance against desegregation in, 59–60, 79, 80–82

schools closed in, 81–82

secession of, 62

Virginia Committees for Public Schools, 81

Virginia Commonwealth University, 208

Virginia Department of Corrections, 201, 202–3

Virginia Department of Education, 231, 235

Virginia Episcopal School, 190

Virginia General Assembly, 81, 247, 248

Virginian-Pilot, 67, 81–82

Virginia State College, 188

Virginia State University, 240

Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals, 194–95

Virginia Teachers Association, 183

Virso School, 155

Voters Registration League, 167

voting rights, 137, 179

Wall, Bid, 222

Wall, J. Barrye, 64, 67, 68, 70, 73–74, 76, 139, 189, 222, 246

Wall, J. Barrye “Bo,” Jr., 139

Wall, William B. “Bill,” 246

Wallace, George C., 181–83, 189

Walton, Amanda, 106

Walton, Marie, 101, 102, 106–7

Ward, Betty Jean, 102, 103, 147–49, 186, 240–41

demonstrations and, 171, 172, 175, 176, 192, 240–41

in Free Schools, 192, 240

Ward, Doris, 147–48

Ward, Gerald, 148

Ward, Grace Scott, 246

Ward, Lacy, Jr., 221, 238, 253

as Moton Museum director, 247–48

Ward, Lacy, Sr., 238–40

Ward, Phillip, 147–49

Ward, Phyllistine, 106, 147–49, 169

Ward, Ronnie, 101–2, 106, 147–49

Ware, Virgil, 189

Warren, Earl, 53–55

Warren County High School, 81

Washington, Booker T., 37, 40

Washington, DC, 17, 73, 82, 163, 231

Washington Post, 58–59, 246

Watkins, Agnes, 128

Watkins, Steve, 90

Watkins, William F., Jr., 84, 118

Watson, John, 42–43

Watson, Patsy, 237

Wesley, Cynthia, 189

Wesleyan Methodist Church, 174

West, Jerry, 214

White Citizens’ Councils, 96, 163

Wilkins, Roy, 56, 141

William Frantz Elementary School, 164

Williams, Charlie, 226–27

Williams, John Bell, 59

Williams, J. Samuel, 166, 167, 170, 172, 174–76, 220, 238, 239

Womack, Sammie, 172–73

Woodley, Ken, 222–23, 246–50, 261

Woolworth’s, 165–66

Worsham Baptist Church, 126–27

Worsham Elementary School, 93, 126, 186

Wright, Richard, 40

Zimmerman, George, 264

About the Author

KRISTEN GREEN has worked as a reporter for the Boston Globe, the San Diego Union-Tribune, and the Richmond Times-Dispatch. She holds a master’s in public administration from the Harvard Kennedy School. This is her first book. She lives in Richmond, Virginia.

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Credits

Cover design by Jane Archer

Cover photograph Š Corbis

Author photograph Š Dean Hoffmeyer

Copyright

SOMETHING MUST BE DONE ABOUT PRINCE EDWARD COUNTY. Copyright Š 2015 by Kristen Green. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the nonexclusive, nontransferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, downloaded, decompiled, reverse-engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins e-books.