1434 (38 page)

Chapter 10: Columbus's and Magellan's World Maps

• 1.
  Vignaud,
  Toscanelli and Columbus
  , pp. 322, 323.
  
• 2.
  Ibid.
  
• 3.
  “In the time of Eugenius.”
  
• 4.
  Zinner,
  Regiomontanus,
  reporting Uzielli, p. 59.
  
• 5.
  Pigafetta,
  Magellan's Voyage,
  p. 58; and Pigafetta and Miller,
  Straits of Magellan
  .
  
• 6.
  Pigafetta, and
  1421,
  pp. 169–77. ii—Magellan / King of Spain Contract March 22
  ^nd
  , 158—“Magellan's terrifying circumnavigation of the globe—Over the edge of the world” Bergreen,
  Harper Perennial, New York, 2004,
  p. 34.
  
• 7.
  Pigafetta,
  Magellan's Voyage,
  p. 56.
  
• 8.
  Ibid., p. 49; Guillemard,
  Ferdinand Magellan,
  p. 189; and Bergreen,
  Over the Edge,
  p. 32: “[Magellan] intended to go by Cape St. Mary which we call Rio de la Plata, and from thence to follow the coast until he hit the Strait.”
  
• 9.
  Pigafetta and Miller,
  Straits of Magellan
  ; Griffin,
  Portsmouth, 1884,
  p. 7; and Menzles,
  1421
  , 169–177.
  
• 10.
  Galvão,
  Tratado;
  and Antonio Cordeyro,
  Historia Insula
  (Lisbon: 1717), quoted in H. Harrisse,
  The Discovery of North America
  , (1892), p. 51.
  
• 11.
  Pigafetta,
  Magellan's Voyage,
  pp. 49, 50, 57; Menzies,
  1421
  , pp. 169–177; and Guillemard,
  Ferdinand Magellan,
  p. 189.
  
• 12.
  Guillemard,
  Ferdinand Magellan,
  p. 191. I am indebted to Mr. A. G. Self for introducing me to Guillemard's book.
  
• 13.
  “Hunc in midu terre iam quadri partite conuscitet; sunt tres prime partes continentes quarta est insula cu omni quaque mare circudata cinspiciat,”
  Martin Waldseemüller,
  Cosmographiae introductio.
  
• 14.
  Orejon et al.,
  Pleitos Columbinos
  , 8 vols. and Schoenrich,
  Legacy of Columbus.
  
• 15.
  I am indebted to Greg Coelho, who brought this to my attention on March 20, 2003. Original agreements, April 17 and 30, 1492. The decree confirming the favors is in the Archivo General de Indias, Seville. Confirmation came in the capitulations of Burgos, April 23 and 30, 1497.
  
• 16.
  Menzles,
  1421,
  pp. 425–427; and Fernández-Armesto,
  Columbus
  , p. 75.
  
• 17.
  The Times Atlas
  of
  World Exploration,
  p. 41. Available on www.1434.tv.
  
• 18.
  Fernández-Armesto,
  Columbus
  , p. 76.
  
• 19.
  Marcel Destombes,
  Une carle interessant des Études Colombiennes conservé a Modena
  (1952), and Davies, “Behaim, Martellus.” See also Ao Vietor, “A Pre-Columbian Map of the World c. 1489,”
  Imago Mundi
  18: p. 458.
  
• 20.
  Correspondence between Dr. Aurelio Aghemo and Marcella Menzies. In summer 2006 on www.1434.tv.
  
• 21.
  Zinner,
  Regiomontanus.
  
• 22.
  Schöner's 1520 globe is in the German National Museum, Nuremberg, where it may be viewed courtesy of the curator. It is not on public display. The Behaim globe of 1492 (which does not show the Americas) is on public display there.
  
• 23.
  J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson, “Johann Muller Regiomontanus,” website, google “Johann Muller Regiomontanus.”
  
• 24.
  In 1656 Emperor Ferdinand III of Austria purchased the Library of George Fugger, which included Schöner's library. The emperor gave the collection to the Hofbibliothek in Vienna, where it remains. The collection contains a chart of stars only visible in the Southern Hemisphere, published before Magellan's circumnavigation.
  
• 25.
  Zinner,
  Regiomontanus,
  pp. 109–39, 211–37, 242–44. Lost works in trade list pp. 115–17.
        Zinner (Regiomontanus) Folio 2, Leipzig 1938, pp. 89–103.
  
• 26.
  Guillemard,
  Ferdinand Magellan
  .
  
• 27.
  Pinzón was really the organizer of Columbus's 1492 expedition. See Bedini,
  Columbus Encyclopedia,
  vol. 2. S. V. “Arias Perez Pinzón.” The History Co-operative. Seville Pinzón's eldest son testified that in 1492 a friend of his father, employed in the Vatican Library, had given him a copy of a document showing that Japan could be reached by sailing westward across the Atlantic. Impressed, Pinzón showed Columbus the Vatican document and persuaded Columbus to visit the Catholic sovreigns once again. This time he was successful in obtaining their backing.
  

Chapter 11: The World Maps of Johannes Schöner, Martin Waldseemüller, and Admiral Zheng He

• 1.
  This shows the Americas as Waldseemueller drew them on a flat piece of paper which he copied from a globe.
  
• 2. At this stage I had no evidence Waldseemüller had copied from a globe, although my experiments had shown he must have done.
  
• 3. The exhibition was to celebrate the 500th anniversary of the publication of Waldseemüller's 1507 map. Please see the
  1434
  website, www.1434.tv, for a reproduction of Waldseemüller's world map and for Dr. Ronsin's description in French of how Waldseemüller obtained it.
  

Chapter 12: Toscanelli's New Astronomy

• 1.
  The Catholic Encyclopedia
  , S. V. “China: Foreign Relations,” http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03663b.htm. See also
  1434
  website, www.1434.tv.
  
• 2.
  Tai Peng Wang, “Zheng He's Delegation.”
  
• 3.
  Ibid.
  
• 4.
  Ibid. See also Zheng Xing Lang,
  Zhongxi Jiaotong Chiliao Huibian
  (Collected historical sources of the history between China and the West), vol. 1, chap. 6, pp. 331 et seq.)
  
• 5.
  Pinturicchio painting can be seen on the
  1434
  website, www.1434.tv.
  Age of the Renaissance.
  Borgia Apartments of the Palazzi Pontifici, in the Vatican.
  
• 6.
  Tai Peng Wang, (V) “Zheng He's Delegation.”
  
• 7.
  Tai Peng Wang, “Zheng He, Wang Dayvan.” Tai produces evidence that Yuan navigators had mastered astronavigation sufficiently to cross oceans. See Gong Zhen,
  Xiyang Banguo Zhi
  (Notes on barbarian countries in the western seas) (Beijing: Zhounghua bookshop, ). See also Xi Fei Long, Yank Xi, Tang Xiren, eds.
  Zhongguo Jishu Shi, Jiaotong Cluan
  (The history of Chinese science and technology), vol. on Transportation (Beijing: Science Publisher, 2004), pp. 395–96; and W. Scot Morton and Charlton M. Lewis,
  China: Its History and Culture
  (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005), p. 128.
  
• 8.
  Jane Jervis, “Toscanelli's Cometary Observations: Some New Evidence” Annali Del Instituto e Museo Di Storia Della Scienza Di Firenze II (1997).
  
• 9.
  Right Ascension—its significance, a Chinese method not Arabic nor Babylonian method of celestial coordinates
  .
  
• 10.
  Gadol,
  Leon Battista Alberti:
  p. 196. See Zinner,
  Regiomontanus,
  p. 58.
  

Chapter 13: The Florentine Mathematicians: Toscanelli, Alberti, Nicholas of Cusa, and Regiomontanus

• 1.
  Zinner,
  Regiomontanus,
  pp. 29, 41, 52–59, 64–65.
  
• 2.
  Ibid., pp. 44, 48, 71, 73–78, 83, 104, 214–515;
  The
  S. V. “Suggest.”
  
• 3.
  Compare with Regiomontanus, “De Triangulis,” in Zinner,
  Regiomontonus.
  p. 55–60.
  
• 4.
  Zinner,
  Regiomontenus,
  pp. 44, 48, 71–73, 78, 83, 104, 214–515.
  
• 5.
  Zinner,
  Regiomontanus,
  p. 125; and
  The Catholic Encyclopedia,
  S. V. “Nicholas of Cusa.”
  
• 6.
  Ernst Zinner. I have extensively quoted from his majestic work,
  Regiomontanus.
  Where Zinner's opinion differs from other experts, I have used Zinner's. My only disagreement with Zinner is with his opinion of which precedent Regiomontanus relied upon for his ephemeris tables. Zinner did not know of Guo Shoujing's work; if he had he, in my view, would have come to the inevitable conclusion that Regiomontanus followed Guo Shoujing.
        Regiomontanus's principal works mentioned in chapter 13 are discussed in Zinner as follows: almanacs: pp. 8–12, 21–37, 40, 85, 104–9, 112–25, 141–49, 153; calendars: pp. 42, 50, 112–42 (see also e-mails between Bodleian Library at Oxford University and author, on www.1434.tv); compass: pp. 16–20; De tranigulis: pp. 51–65; ephemeris tables: pp. 108–28, (see also e-mails between Bodleian Library at Oxford University and author, on www.1434.tv); Epitome of Ptolomy: pp. 2, 29, 41–52, 59; instruments: pp. 135–36, 180–84; maps: pp. 113–16, 148; obliquity of ecliptic: pp. 23, 25, 38, 48, 53–69. See also
  Johannes Regiomontanus Calendar Printed in Venice of Aug. 1482
  , on
  1434
  website University of Glasgow, 1999.
  
• 7.
  Zinner,
  Regiomontanus,
  pp. 1–30, 32, 36–56, 76–78.
  
• 8.
  Ibid., pp. 24, 36, 58–60, 72–77.
  
• 9.
  Ibid., pp. 117–25.
  
• 10.
  Ibid., pp. 121–25.
  
• 11.
  Ibid., pp. 98, 115, 133, 137, 158, 212, 244, 246.
  
• 12.
  Ibid., pp. 95 and 301. See also pp. 131–34, 135 (clock); p. 136 (armillary sphere, pp. 137–38, mirrors, compass; and p. 115, torquetum.
  
• 13.
  Ibid., pp. 112, 113, 301. See also Ernst Zinner, “The Maps of Regiomontanus,”
  Imago Mundi,
  4 (1947): 31–32.
  
• 14.
  Zinner,
  Regiomontanus,
  p. 40.
  
• 15.
  Ibid., p. 42.
  
• 16.
  Ibid., p. 183.
  
• 17.
  Ibid., p. 64.
  
• 18.
  Ibid., pp. 365, 370; and Ulrich Libbrecht,
  Chinese Mathematics,
  1973 p. 247.
  
• 19.
  See Libbrecht for his discussion on Curtze contribution at p. 247. See Needham S19, p. 40 for the
  Shu-shu Chiu-chang
  and the evolution of Chinese mathematics from the Sung dynasty through to the Yuan.
  
• 20.
  Ch' in Chiu-Shao Libbrecht,
  Chinese Mathematics,
  pp. 247–48.
  
• 21.
  Needham,
  Science and Civilisation,
  vol. 19, pp. 10, 40, 42, 120, 141, 472, 577.
  
• 22.
  Ibid., vol. 30. Photo by kind permission of the Pepys Library, Magdalene College, Cambridge University.
  
• 23.
  Zinner,
  Regiomontanus,
  p. 117. For Copernicus, see p. 119. Other versions of Regiomontonus's tables can be viewed in the copies held by the Royal Astronomical Society, London, and the John Rylands University, Manchester. Photo by kind permission of the British Library.
  
• 24.
  Davies, “Behain, Martellus.”
  
• 25.
  Menzies,
  1421,
  pp. 430–31.
  
• 26.
  Zinner,
  Regiomontanus,
  pp. 119–23.
  
• 27.
  Bedini,
  Columbus Encyclopedia,
  p. 436; and ibid., p. 120.
  
• 28.
  Zinner,
  Regiomontonus,
  p. 123.
  
• 29.
  Ibid., pp. 119–25.
  
• 30.
  Ibid., p. 123.
  
• 31.
  Lambert, “Abstract.”
  
• 32.
  G. W. Littlehales, “The Decline of Lunar Distances,”
  American Geography Society Bulletin,
  4, no. 2 (1909): 84. Viewable on JSTOR.
  
• 33.
  Lambert, “Abstract.”
  
• 34.
  Phillips and Encarta.
  
• 35.
  Zinner,
  Regiomontonus,
  p. 181.
  
• 36.
  Needham,
  Science and Civilisation,
  vol. 19, pp. 49–50, 109, 110, and 370–378. See also
  Yongle Dadian
  (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), chap. 16, pp. 343, 344.
  

Chapter 14: Alberti and Leonardo da Vinci

• 1.
  Gadol,
  Leon Battista Alberti,
  introduction.
  
• 2.
  Ibid., pp. 67 and 196.
  
• 3.
  See “Selected Works of Leon Battista Alberti” in bibliography.
  
• 4.
  Zinner,
  Regiomontanus,
  pp. 24, 36, 58–60, 67–68, 72–77, 130–34, 265; and Gadol,
  Leon Battista Alberti,
  p. 196.
        Letter of Feb 1464 in ‘Vita di LB Alberti at p 373
  
• 5.
  Santinello's parallels are explored in more detail on the
  1434
  website, chapters 13, 18 and 21.
  
• 6.
  Gadol,
  Leon Battista Alberti,
  p. 155.
  

Chapter 15: Leonardo da Vinci and Chinese Inventions

• 1.
  Temple,
  Genius of China,
  p. 192.
  
• 2.
  Peers, Warlords, of China, p. 149.
  
• 3.
  Deng,
  Ancient Chinese Inventions,
  p. 104.
  
• 4.
  Ibid., pp. 113–14.
  
• 5.
  Ibid., p. 112.
  
• 6.
  See ch. 16 for Leonardo copying Taccola, who drew in 1438 a Chinese helicopter.
  
• 7.
  Temple,
  Genius
  , p. 175.
  
• 8.
  Ibid., p. 177.
  
• 9.
  Ibid., p. 243.
  
• 10.
  Taddei,
  Leonardo's Machines,
  p. 118.
  
• 11.
  Temple,
  Genius,
  p. 59.
  

Chapter 16: Leonardo, di Giorgio, Taccola and Alberti

• 1.
  White, “Parachute,” pp. 462–67.
  
• 2.
  Reti, “Francesco di Giorgio Martini's Treatise,” p. 287.
  
• 3.
  Francesco, Trattato. Copies Biblioteca Nazionale Florence and Biblioteca Communale Siena
  
• 4.
  Reti, “Helicopters and Whirligigs”; Leonardo, “Parachute”; Jackson, “Dragonflies”; and Gablehouse, “Helicopters and Autogiros.”
  
• 5.
  See Guidebooks on Siena
  
• 6.
  Prager and Scaglia,
  Mariano Taccola.
  
• 7.
  Please also refer to Modern Guide Book “Siena” Romas, Siena p. 154.
  
• 8.
  Sigismund Faced Uprisings In Bohemia following Jan Huss Murder in 1419 (Following Council of Constance)
  
• 9.
  Prager and Scaglia, “Mariano Taccola.”
  
• 10.
  Ibid.; and Galluzzi,
  Art of Invention,
  p. 118.
  
• 11.
  Prager and Scaglia,
  Mariano Taccola. Galluzzi, Art of Invention
  , p. 35.
  
• 12.
  Galluzzi,
  Art of Invention,
  pp. 36–37.
  
• 13.
  Prager and Scaglia,
  Mariano Taccola
  ; and ibid., pp. 37–38.
  
• 14.
  Prager and Scaglia,
  Mariano Taccola,
  p. 93; and Galluzzi,
  Art of Invention,
  p. 87.
        Di Giorgio adapts Taccola—Examples