1434 (42 page)

Peers, Chris.
Warlords of China 700 BC to AD 1662.

Reti, Ladislao. “Helicopters and Whirligigs.”
Raccolta Vinciana
20 (1964): 331–38.

Rosheim, Mark Elling.
Leonardo's Lost Robots
. Heidelberg: Springer, 2006.

Saint Bris-Clos-Lucé, Jean. “Leonardo da Vinci's Fabulous Machines at Clos-Lucé in Amboise,”
Beaux Arts,
1995.

Taddei, Mario, and Edoardo Zanon, eds.
Leonardo's Machines: Da Vinci's Inventions Revealed.
Text by Domenico Laurenza. Cincinnati: David and Charles, 2006. This provides a very clear array of illustrations from pp. 18–25.

Temple, Robert.
The Genius of China: 3,000 Years of Science, Discovery & Invention
. London: Prion, 1998.

Wray, William.
Leonardo da Vinci in His Own Words.
New York: Gramercy Books, 2005.

Zollner, Frank, and Johannes Nathan.
Leonardo da Vinci
. Comprehensive, fully illustrated catalogue. Cologne, 2003.

Francesco di Giorgio Martini.
Trattato di architetura
. Presented in Biblioteca Comunale, Siena (first draft); Biblioteca Nazionale Siena; and Laurenziana Library, Florence (Leonardo's copy).

H. Bibliography for Chapters 17–19

Gablehouse, Charles.
Helicopters and Autogiros
. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1967.

Galluzzi, Paolo.
The Art of Invention: Leonardo and the Renaissance Engineers
. Florence: Gunti, 1996.

Jackson, Robert.
The Dragonflies—The Story of Helicopters and Autogiros
. Arthur Barker: London, 1971.

Leonardo da Vinci. Codex B (2173). Nell Istito di Franck I. Manoscritti e I disegni di Leonardo da Vinci. Vol. 5. Rome; and Reale Commissione Vinciana, 1941.

Needham, Joseph.
Science and Civilisation in China.
7 vols. 30 section. Cambridge University Press, 1956–. Vol IV, Pt 2. pp 580–585.

Parsons, William Barclay.
Engineers and Engineering in the Renaissance
. The Williams and Wilkins Company: Baltimore, 1939.

Prager, Frank D., and Giustina Scaglia.
Mariano Taccola and His book De Ingeneis.
Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1972.

Promis, Carlo, ed.
Vita di Francesco di Giorgio Martini
. Turin, 1841.

Reti, Ladislao. “Francesco di Giorgio Martini's Treatise on Engineering and Its Plagiarists.”
Technology and Culture
4, no. 3 (1963): 287–93. John Hopkins University Press.

———. “Helicopters and Whirligigs.”
Raccolta Vinciana
20 (1964): 331–38.

Singer, Charles.
A History of Technology
. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1954–58. vol. 2. Taccola, Mariano di Jacopo ditto.

De Ingereis
I and II (c. 1430–1433) III and IV after 1434

De Machinis
after 1435 in Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Florence.

Wellers, Stuart.
Francesco di Giorgio Martini 1439
–
1501.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1943. p 340.

White, Lynn, Jr. “Invention of the Parachute.”
Technology and Culture
v. 9, no. 3 (July 1968): 462–67. University of Chicago Press

———.
Medieval Technology and Social Change.
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1962. p 86–87

Braudel, Fernand. “The Mediterranean in the time of Philip II.” Translated by Sian Reynolds Fontana. London, 1966.

Hibbert, Christopher.
The House of Medici: Its Rise and Fall, 1420
–
1440.
London: Penguin Books, 1974.

Hobson, John.
The Eastern Origins of Western Civilization.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.

Molà, Luca. “The Silk Industry of Renaissance Venice.”
American Historical Review
106, no. 3 (June 2001). Viewable on JSTOR. This gives a good chronological description, which I have extensively used.

Needham, Joseph.
Science and Civilisation in China.
7 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1956–.

Nung Shu.
—

Reti, Ladislao. “Francesco Di Giorgio Martini's Treatise on Engineering and Its Plagiarists.”
Technology and Culture
4, no. 3 (1963): 287–93. John Hopkins University Press. Shapiro, Sheldon. “The Origin of the Suction Pump.”
Technology and Culture
5, no. 4 (Autumn 1964): 566–74. Viewable on JSTOR. John Hopkins University Press

Temple, Robert.
The Genius of China: 3,000 Years of Science, Discovery & Invention.
London: Prion, 1998.

Thorley, John. “The Silk Trade Between China and the Roman Empire at Its Height Circa A.D 90–130.”
Greece and Rome.
2nd series, vol. 18, no. 1, (April 1971): 71–80. JSTOR.

Dixon, George Campbell.
Venice, Vicenza and Verona.
London: Nicholas Kaye, 1959.

Lonely Planet. ‘
China' A Travel Survival Guide.
Sydney: Lonely Planet 1988.

Needham, Joseph.
Science and Civilisation in China.
Vol 28. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1956–.

Parsons, William Barclay.
Engineers and Engineering in the Renaissance.
Rev. ed. Introduction by Robert S. Woodbury. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1968.

This is the accepted bible. It is very useful for Renaissance engineers but ignores any Chinese input. Parsons sees the Renaissance as a quasi-religious event and Leonardo as a demigod. He ignores the question of how so many new machines managed to appear at the same time in Italy; and of how different artists drew the same entirely new machines in different parts at the same time—viz. the pumps of Taccola, Alberti, Fontana, and Pisanello. The subject of copying from earlier books is not addressed. His explanation of the development of Lombard's canals is excellent.

Payne, Robert.
The Canal Builders.
New York: Macmillan, 1959.

Temple, Robert.
The Genius of China: 3,000 Years of Science Discovery & Invention.
London: Prion, 1998.

Biringuccio, Vannoccio.
Pirotechnia.
Translated by Cyril S. Smith and Martha T. Gnudi. New York, 1942. Viewable on article JSTOR.

Butters, Suzanne.
Triumph of Vulcan—Sculptors' Tools, Porphyry, and the Prince in Ducal Florence.
Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 1996.

“Porphyry, and the Prince in Ducal Florence.”
Sixteenth Century Journal
28, no. 1 (Spring 1997): 286–87. Viewable on JSTOR.

Clagett, Marshall.
The Life and Works of Giovanni Fontana
. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976. Fontana's principal works are:

Eichstadt, Konrad Kyser von.
Bellifortis
(War fortifications). 1405. This describes rockets.

Foley, Vernard, and Werner Soedel. “Leonardo's Contributions to Theoretical Mechanics.”
Scientific American
(1983): 255. Viewable on JSTOR

Fontana, Giovanni di.
Liber bellicorum instrumentorum.
Munich: Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, c. 1420.

Goodrich, L. Carrington, and Fêng Chia-Shêng. “The Early Development of Firearms in China.”
Isis
36, no. 2 (Jan. 1946): 114–23. Viewable on JSTOR. This has been of major value to our research and makes the following specific points:

• The
  Wu Chung Tsung Yao,
  compiled in 1044 by Tsêng Kung-Liang, discusses gunpowder manufacture, bombs, trebuchets, and grenades fired by gunpowder.
  
• Exploding arrows were used in 1126.
  
• Mortars were used in 1268.
  
• Exploding cannonballs were in use by 1281.
  
• A lengthy section on Zhu Di's weapons mentions land mines (“a nest of wasps”). Every unit of 100 men had 20 shields, 30 bows, and 40 firearms.
  
• Every three years after 1380 the bureau of military weapons turned out 3,000 bronze Ch'ung muskets and 90,000 bullets.
  
• The exploding weapons after 1403 were manufactured from dried copper with a mixture of refined and unrefined. Fuses were in use from the thirteenth century. The earliest cannons were dated 1356, 1357, and 1377.
  
• Flame-throwing devices were used from 1000, and bullets since 1259.
  

Liu Chi.
Huo Lung Ching,
(Fire drake artillery manual).

Part 1. Needham, Joseph. Vol. V, Pt. 7.
Military Technology: The Gunpowder
Epic. Joseph Needham, with the collaboration of Ho Ping-Yu [Ho Peng-Yoke], Lu Gwei-djen and Wang Ling, 1987.

For Leonardo, crossbow, and gunpowder, see arsenic sulphides added to gunpowder, p. 51; trebuchets (Leonardo and Taccola), p. 204; missiles, p. 205; “eruption,” mortar, p. 266; trebuchet, p. 281; Seven-barreled Ribaudequin (see Pisanello sketches), p. 322; rocket launcher, p. 487; machine gun, p. 164; mortars, p. 165; handguns, p. 580; aerial cars, p. 571; poisonous projectiles, p. 353; rockets and missiles, p. 516; riffling; p. 411; breechblock, p. 429.

Schubert, H. R.
History of the British Iron and Steel Industry from 450 B.C. to A.D. 1775.
London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1957.

Spencer, John R. “Filarete's Description of a Fifteenth Century Italian Iron Smelter at Ferriere.”
Technology and Culture
4, no. 2 (Spring 1963): 201–6. Viewable on JSTOR.

Temple, Robert.
The Genius of China: 3,000 Years of Science, Discovery & Invention.
London: Prion, 1998.

Thorndike, Lynn. “An Unidentified Work by Giovanni di Fontana:
Liber de Omnibus Rebus.” Lynn Thorndike, Isis
15, no. 1 (Feb. 1931): 31–46. Viewable on JSTOR. Description of America on p. 37; Australia, p. 38; Indian Ocean, p. 39; Niccolò da Conti, p. 40; gunpowder, p. 42.

A. Stuart Weller, “Francesco di Giorgio Martini 1439–1501”. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1943.

Wertime, Theodore A. “Asian Influences on European Metallurgy.”
Technology and Culture
5, no. 3 (Summer 1964): pp. 391–97. Viewable on JSTOR.

———. The Coming of the Age of Steel. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962.

White, Lynn Jr. “Tibet, India and Malaya as Sources of Western Medieval Technology.”
American Historical Review
15, no. 3 (April 1960): 520. Viewable on JSTOR.

Wu Chung Tsung Yao
. Song dynasty,
ca.
1044.

Allmand, Christopher.
The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 7,
edited by Christopher Allmand. Cambridge University Press, 1998.

Bouchet, Henri.
The Printed Book: Its History, Illustration and Adornment From the Days of Gutenberg to the Present Time.
Translation by Edward Bigmore. New York: Scribner and Welford, 1887.

Carter, Thomas Francis.
The Invention of Printing in China and Its Spread Westward.
New York: Columbia University Press, 1925.

Carmichael, Ann G.
Plague and the Poor in Renaissance Florence.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

Deng Yinke.
Ancient Chinese Inventions
. Hong Kong: China Intercontinental Press, 2005.

I. Bibliography for Chapter 20

Hessel, J. H.
Haarlem
,
The Birthplace of Printing
. London: Elliot Stock and Co., 1887.

Humphreys, H. N.
A History of the Art of Printing.
London: Bernard Quaritch, 1868.

McMurtrie, Douglas.
The Book: The Story of Printing and Bookmaking.
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1948.

Moran James.
Printing Presses: History and Development from the Fifteenth Century to Modern Times.
London: Faber and Faber, 1973.

Ottley, William Young.
An Inquiry into the Invention of Printing
. London: Joseph Lilly, 1863.

———.
An Inquiry into the Origin and Early History of Engraving upon Copper and in Wood.
London: John and Arthur Arch, 1816.

Needham, Joseph.
Science and Civilisation in China.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1955. Vol. 32.

Ruppel, A.,
Gutenberg
:
Sein Leben and Sein werk (His Life and His Work)
, second edition. Berlin: Mann, 1947.

Singer, Samuel Weller.
Research into the History of Playing Cards
. Oxford University: 1816.

You can read the whole book on Google following this link: http:// books.google.com/ books?id = _WAOAAAAQAAJ & printsec = titlepage.

The Haarlem Legend of the Invention of Printing by Coster
. Translated by A Van der Linde. London: Blades, East and Blades, 1871.

Wu, K. T. “The Development of Printing in China.”
T'ien Hsia Monthly
3 (1936).

Wu, K. T., and Wu Kuang-Ch'ing. “Ming Printing and Printers.”
Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
7, no. 3. (Feb. 1943): 203–60. Viewable on JSTOR.

J. Bibliography for Chapter 21