1434 (43 page)

Antonio de Bilhao Pato, Raymondo, ed.
Cartas de Alfonso de Albuquerque Seguides de documentos que as elucidam
. 7 vols. Lisbon: 1884–1955. Vol. 1, letter 10 (April 1512), pp. 29–65. Translated by E. Manuel Stock.

Aslaksen, Helmer, and Ng Say Tiong. “Calendars, Interpolation, Gnomons and Armillary Spheres in the Work of Guo Shoujing (1231–1314).” Article. Dept of Mathematics, University of Singpore 2000–2001.

Cortesão, Jaime. “The Pre-Columbian Discovery of America.”
Geographical Journal
89, no. 1:39. Davies, Arthur. “Behaim, Martellus and Columbus.”
Royal Geographical Society Journal
143, pt. 3: 451–59.

Gadol, Joan.
Leon Battista Alberti: Universal Man of the Early Renaissance.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969.

Johannessen, Carl, and Sorenson John. Biology Verifies Ancient Voyages. (unpublished)

Sorenson John L. and Martin H. Raish
Pre-Columbian contact with the Americans across the oceans, an annotated bibliography,
second edition, 2 vols. Provo, Utah: Research Press, 1996.

Professor Liu Manchum.

Mui, Rosa, Paul Dong, and Zhou Xin Yan. “Ancient Chinese Astronomer Gan De Discovered Jupiter's Satellites 2000 Years Earlier Than Galileo.” Unpublished article sent to author by Rosa Mui on May 22, 2003.

Sorenson, John L., and Martin H. Raish.
Pre-Columbian Contact with the Americans Across the Oceans.
Provo, Utah: Research Press, 1990.

Swerdlow, Noel M. “The Derivation and First Draft of Copernicus's Planetary Theory.”
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
117, no. 6 (31 Dec. 1973). Viewable on JSTOR.

Thompson, Gunnar, Ph.D.
The Friar's Map of Ancient America, 1360
AD.
Bellevue, WA: Laura Lee Productions, 1996.

Zinner, Ernst.
Regiomontanus: His Life and Work
. Translated by Ezra Brown. Leiden: Elsevier, 1990.

Antonio de Bilhao Pato, Raymondo, ed.
Cartas de Alfonso de Albuquerque Seguides de documentos que as elucidam
. 7 vols. Lisbon: 1884–1955. Vol. 1, letter 10 (April 1512), pp. 29–65. Translated by E. Manuel Stock.

Aslaksen, Helmer, and Ng Say Tiong. “Calendars, Interpolation, Gnomons and Armillary Spheres in the Work of Guo Shoujing (1231–1314).” Article. Dept of Mathematics, University of Singpore, 2000–2001.

Cortesão, Jaime. “The Pre-Columbian Discovery of America.”
Geographical Journal
89, no. 1:39.

Davies, Arthur. “Behaim, Martellus and Columbus”
Royal Geographical Society Journal
143, pt. 3: 451–59.

Gadol, Joan.
Leon Battista Alberti: Universal Man of the Early Renaissance.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969.

Beals, K and Steele, H, University of Oregon Anthropological Paper No. 23, Oregon 1981.

K. Bibliography for Chapter 22

Fernandez-Cobo, Marianna, and colleagues. “Strains of JC Virus in Amerind-speakers of North America (Salish) and South America (Guarani), Na-Dene speakers of New Mexico (Navajo) and modern Japanese suggest links through an Ancestral Asian Population.”
American Journal of Physical Anthropology,
118, 154–168 (2002)

Keddie, Grant. “Contributions to Human History,” No. 3, Royal British Columbia Museum, Vancouver, B.C. 1990

Macedo, Justo Caceres. “Pre-Hispanic Cultures of Peru”, Peruvian Natural History Museum, Lima, Peru, 1985

Novick, Gabriel and colleagues. “Polymorphic-Alu Insertions and the Asian origin of Native American Populations” in “Human Biology”, Vol. 70, No. 1, 1988 Rostoworski, Maria.
History of the Inca Realm
. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

I am grateful to the following for permitting me to quote their work:

 

Chapter 1:
Henry Tsai, “Perpetual Happiness: The Ming Emperor Yongle,” Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2001; Edward L. Dreyer, “Zheng He: China and the oceans in the early Ming Dynasty, 1405–1433,” on page 6 and page 144, Pearson Longman, 2006 (www.ablongman.com ).

Chapter 2:
Henry Tsai, as above; Edward L. Dreyer, as above; Tai Peng Wang; Joseph Needham, “Science and Civilisation in China,” Vol. 19, pp. 49–50 and 109–110 (Vol. 19) and Vol. 32 pp. 100–175, Cambridge University Press, 1954–; Professor Anthony Reid, “South East Asia in the Age of Commerce 1450–1680,” Vol. 2, “Expansion and Crisis” on page 39, Yale University Press, 1993; Richard Hall “Empires of the Monsoon—A History of the Indian Ocean and its Invaders,” Harper Collins, 1996.

Chapter 3:
Thatcher E. Deane, “Instruments and Observations at the Imperial Astronomical Bureau during the Ming Dynasty,” on pp. 126–140, Osiris 2nd series, Vol. 9, 1994. JSTOR (University of Chicago Press); Joseph Needham, as above (Spherical Trigonometry), Vol. 19 pp. 49–50 and 109–110, Cambridge University Press, 1954–; “Ancient Chinese Inventions” ed. Deng Yinke, China Intercontinental Press; Rosa Mui, Paul Dong, and Zhou Xin Yam, “Ancient Chinese Astronomer Gan De Discovered Jupiter's Satellites 2000 Years Earlier than Galileo”; Professor Helmer Aslaksen and Ng Say Tiong, “Calendars, Interpolation, Gnomons and Armillary Spheres in the Work of Guo Shou Jing (1231–1314),” Department of Mathematics, National University of Singapore.

Chapter 4:
Professor Robert Cribbs.

Chapter 5:
Paul Lunde, “The Navigator Ahmad Ibn Majid”; Richard Hall “Empires of the Monsoon” at pp. 88, 128, as above; Ibn Battuta, “The Travels of Ibn Battuta,”
AD
1325–1354 pp. 773, 813, Trs. H.A.R. Gibb and C.F. Beckingham, 1994, Hakluyt Society, London, 1994. The Hakluyt Society was established in 1846 for the purpose of printing rare or unpublished voyages and travels. For further information please see their website at: www.hakluyt.com; Stanley Lane Pool, “A History of Egypt in the Middle Ages,” 1894.

Chapter 6:
C. A. Redmount, “The Wadi Tumilat and the Canal of the Pharaohs,” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 54, 1995. JSTOR, University of Chicago Press; Stanley Lane Pool, “A History of Egypt in the Middle Ages,” as above; James Aldridge, “Cairo: Biography of a City,” Macmillan, 1969, reproduced with permission of Palgrave Macmillan; R. L. Hudson, “Chinese Porcelain from Fustat,”
The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs
Vol. 61, No. 354 (Sept. 1932), JSTOR—The University of Chicago; Fernand Brandel, “A History of Civilisations,” Trs. Richard Mayne, 1995, reproduced by permission of Penguin Books Ltd.

Chapter 7:
Fernand Brandel, “The Mediterranean in the Time of Philip II,” reproduced by permission of Penguin Books Ltd.; John Julius Norwich “A History of Venice,” 1983, reproduced by permission of Penguin Books Ltd.; Francis M. Rogers, “The travels of the Infante Dom Pedro of Portugal,” pp. 46–49, 256–266, 325, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University
Press, Copyright © 1961 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College; European Journal of Human Genetics (2006) 14 (478–487); “Tibet, India and Malaya as Sources of Western Medieval Technology,” Lyn White Jr., American Historical Review Vol. 65, No. 3 (1960) JSTOR; Iris Origo, “The Merchant of Prato: Daily Life in a medieval Italian city,” 1992, reproduced by permission of Penguin Books Ltd.

Chapter 8:
Leonard Olschilli, “Asiatic Exoticism in Italian Art of the Early Renaissance,”
The Art Bulletin
Vol. 26, No. 2 (June 1944) JSTOR; Timothy J. McGee “Dinner Music for the Florentine Signoria, 1350–1450,” Speculum vol. 14, no. 1, Jan 1999, JSTOR; Mary Hollingsworth, “Patronage in Renaissance Italy,” John Murray, 1994; James Beck, “Leon Battista Alberti and the ‘Night Sky' at San Lorenzo,”
Artibus et Historiae,
Vol. 10, No. 19 (1989) JSTOR; Patricia Fortini Brown, “Laetentur Caeli: the Journal of Florence and the Astronomical Fresco in the old society,”
Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes,
Vol. 44, 1981, JSTOR.

Chapter 9:
Ernst Zinner, “Regiomontanus: his life and work,” Trs. E. Brown,
Isis
, Vol. 83, No. 4 (Dec., 1992), pp. 650–652, Amsterdam.

Chapter 10:
Marcel Destombes quoted by Professor Arthur Davies, Royal Geographic Society Records, vol. 143 p. 3; Ernst Zinner “Regiomontanus: his life and work,” Trs. E. Brown, as above; “The Catholic Encyclopedia”; Yang Long Shan, “Zhuyn Zhou chui Lu”; Joan Gadol, “Leon Battista Alberti, Universal Man of the Early Renaissance,” JSTOR, University of Chicago Press, 1969.

Chapter 13:
E. Zinner “Regiomontanus: his life and work,” as above.

Chapter 14:
Joan Gadol, pp. 155, 159, as above.

Chapter 15:
Robert Temple, “The Genius of China: 3,000 Years of Science, Discovery and Invention,” pp. 243, 259, an imprint of Carlton Publishing Group, 20 Mortimer St., London W1T 3SW; Chris Peers, “Warlords of China 700
BC
to
AD
1662,” 1998, Arms and Armour Press, Imprint of Cassell Group, Wellington House, 125 Strand, London; “Ancient Chinese Inventions” p. 112, China Intercontinental Press; Lynn White, Jr., “The Invention of the Parachute,” Technology and Culture 9:3 (1963), 462–467. © Society for the History of Technology. Reprinted with permission of The John Hopkins University Press; Reti, Ladisloa, “Francesco di Giorgio Martini's Treatise on Engineering and Its Plagiarists,” Technology and Culture, 4:3 (1963), 287. © Society for the History of Technology. Reprinted with permission of The John Hopkins University Press; Frank D. Prager and Gustina Scaglia, “Mariano Taccola and his book de Ingeneis,” MIT Press, 1972; Paolo Galluzzi, “The Art of Invention: Leonardo and the Renaissance Engineers.”

Chapter 17:
John Hobson, “The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation,” Cambridge University Press, 2004; Joseph Needham, “Science and Civilisation in China,” Vol. 28, p. 225, as above; Sheldon Shapiro, “The Origin of the Suction Pump,” Technology and Culture 5, (1964), 571. © Society for the History of Technology. Reprinted with permission of The John Hopkins University Press; Christopher Hibbert, “The Rise and Fall of the House of Medici,” 1974, reproduced by permission of Penguin Books Ltd.

Chapter 18:
“The Genius of China: 3,000 Years of Science, Discovery and Invention,” Robert Temple, as above; Joseph Needham, “Science and Civilisation in China,” as above; William Barclay Parsons, “Engineers and Engineering in the Renaissance,” Baltimore, 1939.

Chapter 19:
John R. Spencer, “Filarete's Description of a Fifteenth Century Italian Iron Smelter at Ferriere,” Technology and Culture 4:2 (1963), 201–206. © Society for the History of Technology, reprinted with permission of The John Hopkins University Press; Lyn Thorndyke, “An Unidentified Work by Giovanni da' Fontana: Liber de omnibus rebus natu
ralibus,”
Isis,
Vol. 15, No. 1, Tab. 1031 pp. 31–46, JSTOR; Wertime, Theodore A., “The Coming of Age of Steel,” Technology and Culture, 5:3 (1962), pp. 391–397. © Society for the History of Technology, reprinted with permission of The John Hopkins University Press; Robert Temple, “The Genius of China: 3,000 Years of Science, Discovery and Invention,” as above; Joseph Needham, as above; Allen Stuart Wellers, “Francesco di Giorgio Martini, 1439–1501,” Chicago, 1943.

Chapter 20:
“Ancient Chinese Inventions,” as above; Joseph Needham, as above.

Chapter 21:
Dr. Gunnar Thompson; Ernst Zinner, as above; Noel M. Swerdlow, “The Derivation and First Draft of Copernicus's Planetary Theory: A Translation of the Commentariolus with Commentary,”
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
, Vol. 117, No. 6, Symposium on Copernicus (Dec. 31, 1973), pp. 423–512, JSTOR, University of Chicago Press;
New Encyclopaedia Britannica,
15th edition, 1994, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.

I am very grateful to the following for permitting me to reproduce the beautiful illustrations in this book:

Internal Black-and-White Images

Wendi Watson
: Ellipse around the sun diagram; Latitude diagram; Longitude diagram; Position of ships diagram; Ship AB and point C diagram; Lunar mansion; Torquetum diagram; Star map diagram.

The General Collection of Chinese Classics of Science and Technology; The Nung Shu; the Chinese Science and Technological History Review; The Fire Dragon Book
: Chinese measuring height; Chinese cannon; Chinese revolving type table printing; Chinese articulated siege ladder; Chinese water powered horizontal wheel; Chinese waterwheel bucket pump; Chinese Ox chain pump; Chinese horse mill; Chinese vertical waterwheel; Chinese chain pump; Chinese water powered machine; Chinese loom and spinning machine; Chinese irrigation; Irrigation wheel; Chinese tilt hammer; Chinese water powered bellow; Chinese cannon balls and petards; Dragon Kite; Chinese trebuchet; Chinese fire lance; Chinese armored ship; Chinese mobile siege ladder; Chinese mobile shield; Chinese crossbow; Chinese animals with spears; Chinese animals with fire; Chinese fortress.

Biblioteca Nacional de España, Madrid:
from Leonardo's Madrid Codices: Leonardo tooth geared wheels, fol. 15v; Leonardo cranks, chain drives, fol. 35v; Leonardo crossbow, fol. 51r;

Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milano
: from Leonardo's Codex Atlanticus: Leonardo paddleboat, fol. 954r; Leonardo parachute, fol. 1058v; Leonardo cannon, fol. 154v; Leonardo printing press, fol 358 r-b; Leonardo machine gun, fol. 56v.

Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munchen:
Taccola's water powered bellows. Codex Latinus Monacensis 197 pt. II, fol. 43v; Taccola fire lance. Codex Latinus Monacensis 197 pt. II, fol. 75v; Taccola horse with spears. Codex Latinus Monacensis 28800, fol. 67v; Taccola dogs with fire. Codex Latinus Monacensis 197 pt. II, fol. 67r.

Biblioteca Comunale, Siena:
Italian cannon balls and petards. Ms. D. IV, fol. 48v; Italian armored boat. Ms. S. IV, fol. 49r.

Biblioteque Nationale de France, Paris:
Santini horse mill. Manuscript Lat. 7239, fol. 50r; Pisanello Mongol sketches; Alberti sky Canis Major; Pisanello Mongol face.

Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticano:
Anonymous Sienese parachute. Ms. Additional, fol. 200v; Di Giorgio water powered horizontal wheel. Ms. Latimus Urbinate 1757, fol. 138r

Biblioteca Medicea Leurenziana, Firenze:
Di Giorgio measuring height. Ms. Ashburnham 361, fol. 29r; Di Giorgio chain pump. Ms. Ashburnham 361, fol. 35r.

Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale Firenze:
Taccola water wheel bucket pump. Manuscritto
Palatino 767, p. 11; Taccola ox chain pump. Manuscritto Palatino 766, p. 19; Taccola vertical waterwheel. Ms. Palantino 767, p. 65; Di Giorgio mobile siege ladder. Ms. II.I.141, fol. 201r; Di Giorgio mobile shields. Ms. Palatino 767, p. 143.

British Museum, London:
Anonymous Sienese Engineer, flying man. Ms. Additional 34113, fol. 189v; Di Giorgio trebuchet. Ms. 197, b. 21, fol. 3v.

Cambridge University Press:
Chinese toothed gear wheels. Needham vol. 4, pt. 2, sect. 27, p. 85; Cranks, chain drive China. Needham vol. 4, pt. 2, sect. 27, p. 102; Chinese paddleboat. Needham p. 431; Chinese flying car. Needham p. 572.

Color Insert Images

I am most grateful to the following for allowing the reproduction of their photographs:

Color insert 1: Zheng He in Malacca, 2007, ©
Ian Hudson

Color insert 1: 1418 / 1763 Liu Gang map, 2007, ©
Liu Gang

Color insert 1: Summer Palace, Beijing, bronze figure on marble. ©
Library of Congress
,
Washington, D.C.
; Summer Palace, Beijing, 1902. ©
Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Color insert 1: The Forbidden City, Beijing, 2007. ©
Ian Hudson

Color insert 1: The Great Wall of China at Simatai, 2007. ©
Ian Hudson
; Blue and white porcelain. ©
Percival David Foundation
.

Color insert 1: Chinese junk, 1906. ©
Library of Congress
,
Washington, D.C.
; Camels at sunset, 2007. ©
Ian Hudson

Color insert 1: Red Sea, 2007. ©
Ian Hudson
; Cairo / Nile lithograph. ©
Library of Congress
,
Washington, D.C.

Color insert 2:Venice panorama, 1900. ©
Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

 

Color insert 2: Venice map, ©
Doge's Palace Museum, Venice
.

Color insert 2: Schöner globes, 1515 and 1520; The Straights of Magellan.

Color insert 2: ©
Gavin Menzies
, Waldseemüller map, Americas with new latitudes and longitudes; Map showing Waldseemüller projected onto a globe, as corrected by
Gavin Menzies
.

Color insert 2: The Waldsemüller map of 1507 side by side with the Waldsemüller 1506 “Green Globe,” ©
Bibliotheque Nacionale de France, Paris.

Color insert 28: Map showing CGA5a projected over Waldsemüller. ©
Biblioteca Estense, Modena.

 

Color insert 3: Pope Pius II,
Pinturicchio
.

Color insert 3: Florence; Leonardo da Vinci (self) portrait.

Color insert 3: Renaissance timeline.
Wendi Watson and
©
Gavin Menzies

Color insert 3: Needham's postcard. ©
Pepysian Library, Magdalen College;
1408 Ephemeris.table, ©
Pepysian Library, Magdalen College

Color insert 3: Regiomontanus' Ephemeris table, ©
British Library
; Armillary sphere at Beijing Observatory. ©
Gunnar Thompson
.

Color insert 3: Submarine surfacing, ©
Gavin Menzies
; Dr. S.L. Lee Medallion. ©
Dr. S.L. Lee
.