A Great and Terrible King: Edward I and the Forging of Britain (82 page)

⁵⁵
Ibid., 174.

⁵⁶
Ibid., 176–7;
KW
, i, 355–6; Smith,
Llywelyn
, 526.

⁵⁷
Itinerary
, i, 162–3;
KW
, i, 328; Morris,
Welsh Wars
,177–8.

⁵⁸
Itinerary
, i, 163–4; Morris,
Welsh Wars
, 168–9, 178;
KW
, i, 333; Smith,
Llywelyn
, 527, 529–30.

⁵⁹
Ibid., 530.

⁶⁰
AWR
, 617–25; Smith,
Llywelyn
, 532–4.

⁶¹
Ibid., 534–5.

⁶²
Ibid., 535–6, 542–3. It is inconceivable that this offer could have been made after 6 November.

⁶³
Ibid., 233–4, 536–43; Guisborough, 219–20;
AM
, iv, 290.

⁶⁴
AWR
, 626–8.

⁶⁵
Itinerary
, i, 165; Morris,
Welsh Wars
, 180–1;
PW
, 10;
CRV
, 275–6.

⁶⁶
PW
, 244–5; Morris,
Welsh Wars
, 181; Prestwich,
Edward I
, 238.

⁶⁷
Morris,
Welsh Wars
, 181; Smith,
Llywelyn
, 550;
DNB
, xxxix, 394;
CRV
, 257; Prestwich,
Edward I
, 190–1.

⁶⁸
CACW
, 83–4; Smith,
Llywelyn
, 550–68; Davies,
Empire
, 40, 45;
Bury
, 75–6;
Flores
, iii, 57;
Ann. Lond
., 90;
AM
, iv, 291.

⁶⁹
Smith,
Llywelyn
, 570;
AWR
, 653–5; Prestwich,
Edward I
, 194.

⁷⁰
Morris,
Welsh Wars
, 185–9; Morris,
Bigod Earls
, 126;
PW
, 244–5.

⁷¹
A. J. Taylor, ‘The Death of Llywelyn ap Gruffydd’,
Studies in
Castles and Castle-Building
, 230; NA E101/351/9 (from November 1282).

⁷²
Morris,
Welsh Wars
, 185, 190–1;
KW
, i, 336;
Itinerary
, i, 169.

⁷³
Morris,
Welsh Wars
, 191;
PW
, 12–13.

⁷⁴
Itinerary
, i, 170;
KW
, i, 337;
PW
, 246–8.

⁷⁵
Morris,
Welsh Wars
, 192–5;
Itinerary
, i, 173–4.

⁷⁶
Ibid., 174–8;
KW
, i, 323;
PW
, 15–16; Smith,
Llywelyn
, 576, 578; Prestwich,
Edward I
, 196.

⁷⁷
Prestwich,
Edward I
, 200, 569; Kaeuper,
Bankers
, 182–91; Smith,
Llywelyn
, 529.

⁷⁸
Smith,
Llywelyn
, 570. See also F.G. Cowley
, The Monastic Order in South Wales, 1066–1349
(Cardiff, 1977), 214–15.

⁷⁹
AM
, iv, 294; J. G. Bellamy,
The Law of Treason in the Middle Ages
(Cambridge, 1970), 23–6.

⁸⁰
Itinerary
, i, 181–6;
AM
, iv, 488; A. J. Taylor, ‘Royal Alms and Oblations’,
Studies in Castles and Castle-Building
, 257–90.

⁸¹
EHD
, iii, 422–7.

⁸²
KW
, i, 337–54, 357–65. Cf. N. Coldstream, ‘Architects, Advisers and Design at Edward I’s Castles in Wales’,
Architectural History
, 46 (2003), 19–36; R. K. Morris, ‘The Architecture of Arthurian Enthusiasm: Castle Symbolism in the Reigns of Edward I and his Successors’,
Armies, Chivalry and Warfare in Medieval Britain and France
:
Proceedings of the 1995 Harlaxton Symposium
, ed. M. Strickland (Stamford, 1998), 72–3.

⁸³
KW
, i, 369–95, and specifically 370; Morris, ‘Architecture of Arthurian Enthusiasm’, 65–6. Cf. A. Wheatley,
The Idea of the Castle in Medieval England
(Woodbridge, 2004), 112–21.

⁸⁴
Itinerary
, i, 188;
KW
, i, 372;
AM
, iv, 490;
Ann. Lond
., 91; D. Powel,
The Historie of Cambria
(London, 1584), 76–7. The birth of another daughter, Elizabeth, at Rhuddlan in August 1282 may represent an earlier attempt to the same end. Parsons, ‘Year of Eleanor of Castile’s Birth’, 265.

⁸⁵
Davies,
Empire, 27
n, 32;
Flores
, iii, 59; NA E101/372/11, m. 1;
Ann. Lond
., 92.

⁸⁶
Itinerary
, i, 190–4; J. G. Frazer,
The Golden Bough
(London, 1922), 76; see also Taylor, ‘Royal Alms’, 288–9; Davies,
Empire
, 31–2;
Flores
, iii, 62;
AM
, iii, 313; iv, 489.

CHAPTER 7: PEACEFUL ENDEAVOURS

¹
AM
, iv, 298.

²
KW
, i, 202n; Salzman,
Edward I
, 78–9; Prestwich,
Edward I
, 127.

³
AM
, iv, 298; Howell,
Eleanor of Provence
, 101–2 (cf. idem, ‘The Children of King Henry III and Eleanor of Provence’,
TCE
, iv (1992), 57–72); Prestwich,
Edward I
, 128–9; Parsons,
Eleanor of Castile
, 38–9.

⁴
A. J. Taylor, ‘A Fragment of a
Dona Account
of 1284’,
Studies in Castles and Castle-Building
, 196–201; idem, ‘Royal Alms’, 281–2;
Itinerary
, i, 195–200;
KW
, i, 306;
RCWL
, 57–8.

⁵
Lloyd,
English Society and the Crusade
, 234.

⁶
Calendar of Papal Registers, Papal Letters, 1198–1304
(London, 1893), 473–4.

⁷
Powicke,
Thirteenth Century
, 264–5. About
£1
10,000 of the £130,000 had been collected by 1283, of which Edward seized about £40,000. W. E. Lunt,
Financial Relations of the Papacy with England to 1327
(Cambridge, Mass.,1939), 332–3; Kaeuper,
Bankers
, 200–1.

⁸
Dunbabin,
Charles I of Anjou
, 4–6, 90, 99–108.

⁹
Ibid., 113.

¹⁰
Powicke,
Thirteenth Century
, 252–3.

¹¹
J. R. Strayer, ‘The Crusade against Aragon’,
Speculum
, 28 (1953), 104–8.

¹²
Powicke,
Thirteenth Century
, 241–3, 257–8, 271, 311n; Strayer, ‘Crusade against Aragon’, 105.

¹³
AM
, iv, 300. See also
RCWL
, 58–61.

¹⁴
AM
, iv, 300 (cf.
Itinerary
, i, 201);
CPR, 1281–92
, 149–52.

¹⁵
Itinerary
, i, 202–5;
AM
, iv, 301; P. Chaplais, ‘Le Duche-Pairie de Guyenne’,
Essays in Medieval Diplomacy and Administration
(London, 1981), iii, 22; Trivet, 310, is probably relying on the confused memories of his patron (Edward’s daughter), Mary, who was travelling with the court at this time (cf.
Itinerary
, i, 209–10;
Bury
, 83). See A. Gransden,
Historical Writing in England c. 550 to c. 1307
(London, 1974), 504, and below, n. 24.

¹⁶
Cotton, 166;
Ann. Lond
., 93–4;
Flores
, iii, 63;
AM
, ii, 402;
Chronica Johannis de Oxenedes
, ed. H. Ellis (Rolls Series, 1859), 243; Taylor, ‘Royal Alms’, 283–4.

¹⁷
Chaplais, ‘Duche-Pairie de Guyenne’, 22–4.

¹⁸
EHD
, iii, 428–60; Cotton, 166.

¹⁹
Williams,
Medieval London
, 208, 232–5, 242.

²⁰
KW
, i, 715–22.

²¹
Williams,
Medieval London
, 245–52. For more on Ruxley and Waleys, see
DNB
, xlviii, 427–8; lvi, 799–800.

²²
Williams,
Medieval London
, 249–50, 252–4. For approximate population levels, see Carpenter,
Struggle
, 44.

²³
Williams,
Medieval London
, 254–5; Prestwich,
Edward I
, 265.

²⁴
A. J. Taylor, ‘Edward I and the Shrine of St Thomas of Canterbury’,
Studies in Castles and Castle-Building
, 291–7;
Itinerary
, i, 209–10; Howell,
Eleanor of Provence
, 300.

²⁵
EHD
, iii, 460–2; M. Morris, ‘King Edward I and the Knights of the Round Table’,
Foundations of Medieval Scholarship: records edited in honour of David Crook
, ed. P. Brand and S. Cunningham (York, 2008).

²⁶
John de Vaux, one of the three ambassadors sent in May, was back with the king by 10 September:
RCWL
, 74; Powicke,
Thirteenth Century
, 252; Chaplais, ‘Duche-Pairie de Guyenne’, 24.

²⁷
Ibid., 24n; Strayer, ‘Crusade against Aragon’, 102; Powicke,
Thirteenth Century
, 255.