A Patriot's History of the Modern World (76 page)

57.
Richard Stewart, ed.,
American Military History, vol. 1: The United States Army and the Forging of a Nation, 1775–1917
(Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army, 2005), 355.

58.
Timothy K. Deady, “Lessons from a Successful Counterinsurgency: the Philippines, 1899–1902,”
Parameters
, Spring 2005, 53–68 (quotation on 55).

59.
Ibid..

60.
Boot,
Savage Wars of Peace
, 137.

61.
Ibid., 136; Dana G. Munro,
Intervention and Dollar Diplomacy in the Caribbean, 1900–1921
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1964), 65–77; David Healy,
Drive to Hegemony: The United States and the Caribbean, 1898–1917
(Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988), 100–106; Lester D. Langley,
The United States and the Caribbean in the Twentieth Century
, 4th ed. (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1989), 22–27; Donald Yerxa,
Admirals and Empire: The United States Navy and the Caribbean, 1898–1945
(Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1991), 16–20.

62.
Smedley Butler,
War Is a Racket
(Los Angeles: Feral House, 2003); Anne Cipriano Venzon, “General Smedley Darlington Butler: The Letters of a Leatherneck, 1898–1918,” editor's thesis, Princeton University, 1982.

63.
Francis Reginald Wingate,
Mahdiism and the Egyptian Sudan
, 2nd ed. (London: Frank Cass, 1968).

64.
Jonathan Derrick,
Africa's Agitators: Militant Anti-Colonialism in Africa and the West, 1918–1939
(New York: Columbia University Press, 2008).

65.
Ibid., 13.

66.
Ibid.

67.
Ibid., 175.

68.
Daniel Gazda,
Mahdi Uprising, 1881–1899
(Warsaw, Poland: Balonna, S Cl., 2004).

69.
Lance E. Davis and Robert A. Huttenback,
Mammon and the Pursuit of Empire: The Economics of British Imperialism
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1988).

70.
Niall Ferguson,
The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West
(New York: Penguin, 2006), 9.

71.
Richard Franklin Bensel,
The Political Economy of American Industrialization, 1977–1900
(New York: Cambridge, 2000), xvii.

72.
Ibid., xx.

73.
Waverly Root and Richard de Rochemont,
Eating in America: A History
(New York: Ecco Press, 1995), 134–35.

74.
Larry Schweikart and Michael Allen,
A Patriot's History of the United States from Columbus's Great Discovery to the War on Terror
(New York: Sentinel, 2006).

75.
Michael D. Bordo and Hugh Rockoff, “The Gold Standard as a ‘Good Housekeeping Seal of Approval,' ”
Journal of Economic History
, 56, June 1996, 389–428; Donald N. McCloskey and J. Richard Zecher, “How the Gold Standard Worked, 1880–1913,” in Barry Eichengreen, ed.,
The Gold Standard in Theory and History
(New York: Methuen, 1985), 66–72.

76.
Commercial and Financial Chronicle
, June 13, 1896.

77.
Bensel,
Political Economy of American Industrialization
, 26.

78.
Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia of 1892
(New York: D. Appleton, 1893), 616–17.

79.
Larry Schweikart and Lynne Pierson Doti,
Banking in the American West from the Gold Rush to Deregulation
(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991).

80.
Lance E. Davis and Robert J. Cull,
International Capital Markets and American Economic Growth
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994).

81.
Alfred D. Chandler, Jr.,
Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business
(Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 1977); and for a few examples of specific roads, see Stewart Holbrook,
James J. Hill: A Great Life in Brief
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1955); Albro Martin,
James J. Hill and the Opening of the Northwest
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1976); James Marshall,
Santa Fe: The Railroad That Built an Empire
(New York: Random House, 1945); Larry Schweikart,
The
Entrepreneurial Adventure: A History of Business in the United States
(Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt, 2000),
chapter 5
.

82.
Robert H. Bork,
The Antitrust Paradox: A Policy at War with Itself
(New York: Basic Books, 1978); Harold Demsetz, “Barriers to Entry,”
American Economic Review
, 72, March 1982, 47–57; Dominick T. Armentano,
Antitrust and Monopoly
(New York: Holmes & Meier, 1982); and James
Langerfeld and David Scheffman, “Evolution or Revolution: What Is the Future of Antitrust?”
Antitrust Bulletin
, 31, Summer 1986, 287–99.

83.
David McCullough,
The Path Between the Seas: The Creation of the Panama Canal, 1870–1914
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1977), 248.

84.
Ibid., 249.

85.
Edmund Morris,
The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt
(New York: Random House, 1979), xxiv.

86.
Theodore Roosevelt, “Citizenship in a Republic,” Speech at the Sorbonne, Paris, April 23, 1910, http://www.theodoreroosevelt.org/life/quotes.htm.

87.
Daniel J. Kevles,
In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997), 9.

88.
W. Elliott Brownlee,
Federal Taxation in America: A Short History
, new edition (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center, 2004), 55.

89.
Ibid., 57.

90.
Bensel,
Political Economy of American Industrialization
, passim.

91.
O'Brien,
Making the Americas
, 85.

92.
McCullough,
Path Between the Seas
, 53.

93.
Ibid., 58.

94.
Ibid., 53, 85.

95.
Ibid., 85.

96.
Ibid., 146.

97.
Stephen Kinzer,
Overthrow: America's Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq
(New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2006), 58–59.

98.
McCullough,
Path Between the Seas
, 378.

99.
Ibid., 408.

100.
Ibid., 462.

101.
Ibid., 422–23.

102.
Ibid., 467.

103.
Ibid., 510.

104.
F. R. Sedwick,
The Russo-Japanese War
(New York: Macmillan Company, 1909); Ian Nish,
The Origins of the Russo-Japanese War
(New York: Longman, 1985).

105.
Geoffrey Regan, “The Battle of Tsushima 1905,” in
The Guinness Book of Decisive Battles
(London: Guinness Publishing, 1992), 176–77.

106.
Oron J. Hale,
The Great Illusion, 1900–1914
(New York: Harper, 1971), 263.

107.
Larry Schweikart, “Polar Revisionism and the Peary Claim: The Diary of Robert E. Peary,”
The Historian
, 48, May 1986, 341–58. In 1986, Larry Schweikart was one of the first historians to examine the Peary Diary,
and concluded that it was, in fact, genuine; that it was written on the trail—not afterward as some alleged—and that, combined with the experiences of other explorers, it was consistent with Peary's claim that he attained the North Pole. To this day, the Cook family has sought to tarnish Peary's image, while the Scandinavian exploration community, naturally, has sought to reject it in order to bolster the claims of the great Roald Amundsen as the first man to reach
both
poles and live. Sadly and ironically, I was in the National Archives to examine the diary of one great explorer on January 28, 1986, when another group of explorers, the crew of the Space Shuttle
Challenger
, died in a horrific explosion.

108.
Larry Schweikart, “Evaluating Polar Revisionists: An Examination of Peary's 1909 Polar Claim,”
Historicus
, 2, Fall/Winter 1980, 88–126. This is a student journal from Arizona State University, and research for this paper formed the bulk of my later work, cited above in “Polar Revisionism and the Peary Claim.”

109.
Schweikart, “Polar Revisionism and the Peary Claim,” 343–44.

110.
Susan Solomon,
The Coldest March: Scott's Fatal Antarctic Expedition
(London: Yale University Press, 2001), supports Scott's explanation by citing weather statistics showing that, in fact, the weather was extremely and uncharacteristically horrid. See also Robert Falcon Scott,
Scott's Last Expedition, Vols. I and II
, ed. Leonard Huxley (London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1913), with volume 1 being Scott's diary. Roland Huntford,
The Last Place on Earth
(London: Pan Books, 1985), is highly critical of Scott; David Crane,
Scott of the Antarctic: A Life of Courage, and Tragedy in the Extreme South
(London: HarperCollins, 2005), more favorable.

111.
Calvin S. Hall,
A Primer of Freudian Psychology
(Cleveland, OH: World Publishing Co., 1954) 13.

112.
Ibid., 15.

113.
Ira Progoff,
Jung's Psychology and Its Social Meaning
, 2nd ed. (New York: The Julian Press, 1953), 39.

114.
Frank Lloyd Wright,
An Autobiography
(New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1943); Merle Secrest,
Frank Lloyd Wright: A Biography
(New York: Knopf, 1992).

115.
Earl Nisbet,
Taliesin Reflections: My Years Before, During, and After Living with Frank Lloyd Wright
(Petaluma, CA: Meridian Press, 2006); Patrick Meehan, ed.,
Truth Against the World: Frank Lloyd Wright Speaks for an Organic Architecture
(New York: John Wiley, 1987).

116.
Franklin Toker,
Fallingwater Rising: Frank Lloyd Wright, E. J. Kaufmann, and America's Most Extraordinary House
(New York: Knopf, 2003); William Allin Storrer,
The Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright: A Complete Catalog
, 3rd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007).

117.
A New York sheet-metal magnate, Joe Massaro, bought the house in 1991 and began a renovation project based entirely on Wright's original designs that was completed in 2007. See David Coleman, “Loving
Frank,”
New York Home Design
, September 10, 2007, http://architecturelab.net/2007/09/15/loving-frank/.

118.
Gijs Van Hensbergen,
Gaudí: A Biography
(New York: Perennial, 2001), 14.

119.
Van Hensbergen,
Gaudí
, 138.

120.
Rainer Zervst.
Antoni Gaudí: A Life Devoted to Architecture
(Cologne: Benedikt Taschen Verlag, 1988), 162; Cesar Martinell,
Antoni Gaudí: His Life, His Theories, His Work
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1975).

121.
Van Hensbergen,
Gaudí
, xxxiii.

122.
George Orwell,
Homage to Catalonia
(London: Secker and Warburg, 1938), quoted in Van Hensbergen,
Gaudí
, xxxiii.

123.
Iain Boyd Whyte, ed.,
Crystal Chain Letters: Architectural Fantasies by Bruno Taut and His Circle
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1985).

124.
Modris Eksteins,
Rites of Spring: The Great War and the Birth of the Modern Age
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1989), 39; Igor Stravinsky and Robert Craft,
Memories and Commentaries
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1960), 29; Vera Stravinsky and Robert Craft,
Stravinsky in Pictures and Documents
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1978), 76–105.

125.
Eksteins,
Rites of Spring
, 39.

126.
Oron J. Hale,
The Great Illusion, 1900–1914
(New York: Harper, 1971), 163.

127.
Barbara Tuchman,
The Guns of August
(New York: Bantam, 1979), 25.

128.
Martin Gilbert,
A History of the Twentieth Century, Vol. One: 1900–1933
(New York: Avon, 1997), 51.

129.
Ibid., 52.

130.
Carroll Quigley,
Tragedy & Hope: A History of the World in Our Time
(New York: Macmillan, 1966), 61.

131.
Ibid., 135.

132.
Ferguson,
War of the World
, 4.

133.
Quigley,
Tragedy & Hope
, 103.

Chapter 2: Cataclysm

1.
Niall Ferguson,
The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West
(New York: Penguin, 2006), 93.

2.
William L. Shirer,
20th Century Journey
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1976), 216; Harold Rosenberg,
The Tradition of the New
(New York: Horizon, 1959), 209; Modris Eksteins,
Rites of Spring: The Great War and the Birth of the Modern Age
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1989), 44.

3.
Eksteins,
Rites of Spring
, 44.

4.
Ibid., 48.

5.
Ibid., 91.

6.
Ibid.

7.
Ibid., 193.

8.
Ibid., 91–92.

9.
Ibid., 93.

10.
Friedrich von Bernhardi,
Germany in the Next War
, trans. Allen H. Powles (Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific, 2001), 17–18.

11.
Paul Johnson,
Modern Times: A History of the World from the Twenties to the Nineties
, rev. ed. (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 19.

12.
Oron J. Hale,
The Great Illusion, 1900–1914
(New York: Harper, 1971), 242.

13.
Barbara Tuchman,
The Guns of August
(New York: Bantam, 1979), 21.