A Patriot's History of the Modern World (79 page)

64.
E. S. Gosney and Paul Popenoe,
Sterilization for Human Betterment: A Summary of Results of 6,000 Operations in California, 1909–1929
(New York: The Macmillan Company, 1929).

65.
Tony Platt, “The Frightening Agenda of the American Eugenics Movement,” HistoryNewsNetwork, July 7, 2003, http://hnn.us/articles/1551.html.

66.
Larson,
Sex, Race, and Science
, 25 and passim.

67.
Daniel J. Kevles,
In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997), 62. American eugenicists mused that American eugenics would produce a population with “a maximum number of Billy Sundays, Valentinos, Jack Dempseys, Babe Ruths, even Al Capones” (ibid., 188).

68.
Albert Gringer,
The Sanger Corpus: A Study in Militancy
(Lakeland, AL: Lakeland Christian College, 1974), 473–88; Kate O'Beirne,
Women Who Make the World Worse
(New York: Sentinel, 2006), 163–64; Grant,
Killer Angel
, 63. Sanger was also intolerant of her fellow radicals. She once labeled Socialist presidential candidate Eugene V. Debs a “silk hat radical” and termed anarchist Alexander Beckman “a hack, armchair socialist.” See Larry Schweikart and Michael Allen,
A Patriot's History of the United States from Columbus's Great Discovery to the War on Terror
(New York: Sentinel, 2006), 531.

69.
Lothrop Stoddard,
The Rising Tide of Color Against White World Supremacy
, quoted in Christine Rosen,
Preaching Eugenics: Religious Leaders and the American Eugenics Movement
(New York: Oxford, 2004), 216.

70.
Margaret Sanger,
The Pivot of Civilization
(New York: Brentanos, 1922), 108.

71.
Stephen Mosher, “The Repackaging of Margaret Sanger,”
Wall Street Journal
, May 5, 1997

72.
Ibid.

73.
Linda Gordon,
Woman's Body, Woman's Right
(New York: Grossman, 1976), 332; Margaret Sanger to Dr. Clarence Gamble, December 19, 1939, quoted in Charles Valenza, “Was Margaret Sanger a Racist?”
Family Planning Perspectives
, 17, January–February 1985, 44–46.

74.
Adolf Hitler,
Hitler's Second Book: The Unpublished Sequel to
Mein Kampf, Gerhard L. Weinberg, ed. (New York: Enigma Books, 2006), 20.

75.
Burton W. Folsom, Jr.,
The Myth of the Robber Barons
(Herndon, VA: Young America's Foundation, 1991), 83–100 (quotation on 83); Harold Evans with Gail Buckland and David Lefer,
They Made America: From the Steam Engine to the Search Engine: Two Centuries of Innovators
(New York: Little, Brown & Company, 2004), 318–33.

76.
Evans,
They Made America
, 319.

77.
Kevles,
In the Name of Eugenics
, 54.

78.
Ibid., 56.

79.
Johnson,
Modern Times
, 146.

80.
Weindling,
Health, Race and German Politics
, 482.

81.
Ferguson,
War of the World
, 1.

82.
Ibid., 26–27 (quotation on 27).

83.
Ibid., 566.

84.
Ibid., 62–63.

85.
Mazower,
Dark Continent
, 82–83.

86.
Ibid., 79.

87.
Ibid., 82.

88.
Quoted in Paul N. Hehn,
A Low Dishonest Decade: The Great Powers, Eastern Europe, and the Economic Origins of World War II, 1930–1941
(New York: Continuum, 2002), 47, from Macgregor Knox, “Conquest, Foreign and Domestic, in Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany,”
Journal of Modern History
, 56, 1984, 1–57, and Herbert I. Matthews,
The Fruits of Fascism
(New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1943).

89.
Mazower,
Dark Continent
, 77.

90.
Ibid.

91.
“Announcement of Prizes,”
Eugenical News
, 13, June 1928, 78-79.

92.
Mazower,
Dark Continent,
82.

93.
Ibid., 81.

94.
Ibid., 82.

95.
Weindling,
Health, Race and German Politics
, 372.

96.
Mazower,
Dark Continent
, 88.

97.
Ibid., 90.

98.
Ibid., 97. Most eugenicists were socialists and radicals, and as such, they opposed war, yet ironically on different grounds from traditional Marxists, who asserted that war caused a higher population of the working classes to be killed. Eugenicists tended to claim that war culled the bravest and the best, sparing the dregs of society, who remained home to father new generations of the indigent.

99.
Ibid., 84; Weindling,
Health, Race and German Politics
, 421.

100.
Weindling,
Health, Race and German Politics
, 429.

101.
Paul Lombardo, “ ‘The American Breed': Nazi Eugenics and the Origins of the Pioneer Fund,”
Albany Law Review
, 2002, 745–824.

102.
Weindling,
Health, Race and German Politics
, 515–17.

103.
Ibid., 497.

104.
Kevles,
In the Name of Eugenics
, 118.

105.
“The Frightening Agenda of the American Eugenics Movement,” History News Network, http://hnn.us/articles/1551.html.

106.
Ibid.

107.
Christopher Andrew and A. S. Kanya-Forstner,
France Overseas: The Great War and the Climax of French Imperial Expansion
(London: Thames and Hudson, 1981), 238, 248.

108.
Carroll Quigley,
Tragedy & Hope: A History of the World in Our Time
(New York: Macmillan, 1966), 128.

109.
Ibid., 147.

110.
Ibid., 165.

111.
Ibid., 111.

112.
Andelman,
Shattered Peace
, 51.

113.
Ibid., 104.

114.
Ibid., 109.

115.
Ibid., 75.

116.
Jonathan Derrick,
Africa's Agitators: Militant Anti-Colonialism in Africa and the West, 1918–1939
(New York: Columbia University Press, 2008), 269.

117.
Ibid., 279–80.

118.
Ibid., 294.

119.
Ibid., 60.

120.
Johnson,
Modern Times
, 151.

121.
Ibid., 15; Robin Bidwell,
Morocco Under Colonial Rule: French Administration of Tribal Areas, 1912–1956
(London: Cass, 1973); Alan Scham,
Lyautey
in Morocco: Protectorate Administration, 1912–1925
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1970).

122.
Lance Edwin Davis and Robert A. Huttenback,
Mammon and the Pursuit of Empire Abridged Edition: The Economics of British Imperialism
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1988).

123.
Hehn,
A Low Dishonest Decade
, 10.

124.
Angus Maddison,
The World Economy: Historical Statistics
(Paris: Development Center of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2003).

125.
E. J. Berg, “Backward Sloping Labour Supply Functions in Dual Economies—the Africa Case,”
Quarterly Journal of Economics
, 75, August 1961, 468–92.

126.
William G. Beasley,
The Rise of Modern Japan: Political, Economic, and Social Change Since 1850
(New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995); Rachel F. Wall,
Japan's Century: An Interpretation of Japanese History Since the Eighteen-fifties
(London: The Historical Association, 1971); and Rhoads Murphey,
East Asia: A New History
(New York: Addison Wesley Longman, 1997).

127.
Johnson,
Modern Times
, 151, 178–79; Quigley,
Tragedy & Hope
, 175, 196–205.

128.
Jonathan D. Spence,
The Search for Modern China
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1990).

129.
Ibid., 267.

130.
Ibid., 271.

131.
Quigley,
Tragedy & Hope
, 175–95, passim.

132.
Larry Schweikart,
The Entrepreneurial Adventure: A History of Business in the United States
(Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt, 2000), 43.

133.
Robert P. Thomas, “A Quantitative Approach to the Study of the Effects of British Imperial Policy on Colonial Welfare,”
Journal of Economic History
, 25, 965, 65–68; Peter McClelland, “The Cost to America of British Imperial Policy,”
American Economic Review
, 59, 969, 370–78; Lawrence Harper, “Mercantilism and the American Revolution,”
Canadian Historical Review
, 23, 1942, 1–15.

134.
Hernando de Soto,
The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else
(New York: Basic Books, 2003).

135.
Daniel Yergin and Joseph Stanislaw,
The Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economy
(New York: Touchstone, 2002), 409–10.

136.
William Easterly,
The White Man's Burden: Why the West's Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good
(New York: Penguin, 2006).

137.
Ibid., 273.

138.
Ferguson,
War of the World
, 320.

139.
E. L. Woodward and Rohan Butler, eds.,
Documents on British Foreign
Policy, 1919–1939
, 3rd series, vol. 1 (London: H. M. Stationery Office, 1949), 846ff.

140.
R. A. C. Parker,
Chamberlain and Appeasement: British Policy and the Coming of the Second World War
(London: Palgrave, 1993), 37.

141.
Sally Marks, “The Myths of Reparations,”
Central European History
, 11, 1978, 231–55; and her “1918 and After: The Postwar Era,” in G. Martel, ed.,
The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered: A. J. P. Taylor and the Historians
, 2nd ed. (New York: Routledge, 1999), 13–37.

142.
Marks, “Myths,” 254.

143.
“The German Hyperinflation,” http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/ess_germanhyperinflation.html.

144.
Adam Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy
(New York: Penguin, 2006), 4–6.

145.
Undated comments from Hitler's “Second Book,” circa 1927, cited in Tooze,
Wages of Destruction
, 11.

146.
Ibid., 10.

147.
Ibid., 658.

148.
Douglas Irwin,
Against the Tide: An Intellectual History of Free Trade
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997).

149.
Mazower,
Dark Continent
, 54.

150.
Lansing quoted in Thomas Sowell,
Intellectuals and Society
(New York: Basic Books, 2009), 210.

151.
Lansing quoted in Daniel Patrick Moynihan,
Pandemonium: Ethnicity in International Politics
(Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1993), 81–83.

152.
Sowell,
Intellectuals and Society
, 211.

153.
Eric D. Weitz, “From Vienna to the Paris System: International Politics and the Entangled Histories of Human Rights, Forced Deportations, and Civilizing Missions,”
American Historical Review
, 113, December 2008, 1313–43 (quotation on 1315).

154.
Mazower,
Dark Continent
, 57.

155.
Weitz, “From Vienna to the Paris System,” 1319.

156.
Ibid., 1329.

157.
Ibid., 1331.

158.
Ibid., 1334.

159.
Peter Balakian,
The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response
(New York: HarperCollins, 2003), 43.

160.
Bernard Lewis,
The Emergence of Modern Turkey
, 3rd rev. ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002); Vahakn N. Dadrian, “The Documentation of the World War I Armenian Massacres in the Proceedings of the
Turkish Military Tribunal,”
International Journal of Middle East Studies
, 23, 1991, 549–76; Guenter Lewy,
The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide
(Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2005).

161.
See Guenter Lewy, “Revisiting the Armenian Genocide,”
Middle East Quarterly
, 12, Fall 2005, 3–12.

162.
Mazower,
Dark Continent
, 59.

163.
Ibid., 64.

164.
Max Boot,
The Savage Wars of Peace: Small Wars and the Rise of American Power
(New York: Basic Books, 2003), 176.

165.
Ibid., 177.

166.
Ibid., 234.

167.
Peter H. Smith,
Talons of the Eagle: Dynamics of U.S.-Latin American Relations
(New York: Oxford, 1996), 63.

168.
Victor Bulmer-Thomas,
The Economic History of Latin America Since Independence
, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 153, 163–74.

169.
Ibid., 53.

170.
Ibid., 126.

171.
Ibid., 104–6.

172.
Ibid., 212.

173.
Thomas F. O'Brien,
Making the Americas: The United States and Latin America in the Age of Revolutions to the Era of Globalization
(Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2007), 114.

174.
Ibid., 104.

175.
Ibid., 93.

176.
Ibid., 113.

177.
Victoria de Grazia,
Irresistible Empire: America's Advance Through 20th-Century Europe
(Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 2005), 31.

178.
Ibid., 29.