A Patriot's History of the Modern World (78 page)

134.
Ray N. Johnson,
Heaven, Hell, or Hoboken
(Cleveland: O. S. Hubbell Printing, 1919), 94.

135.
Lengel,
To Conquer Hell
, 68–69.

136.
Christopher Capozzola,
Uncle Sam Wants You: World War I and the Making of the Modern American Citizen
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), 67–69.

137.
Sergeant York Patriotic Foundation, “Sgt. Alvin C. York's Diary: October 8, 1918.”

138.
Ibid, 280–82.

139.
There is much humbug about Edwards's life, due in part to the sensationalized biography cowritten by Lowell Thomas (
This Side of Hell: Dan Edwards, Adventurer
[New York: Tribune Books, 1932]) and to an imposter who toured the country giving talks as Edwards. Other sources include “Legionnaire Has 70 Decorations to Pay for Arm, Leg,”
Dallas Morning News
, October 8, 1929, and “Fifteen War Heroes Get Medals Here,”
New York Times
, April 6, 1923. For a review of some of the claims and counterclaims, see “Daniel Edwards,” http://www.cemetery.state.tx.us/pub/user_form.asp?step=1&pers_id=1124.

140.
Lengel,
To Conquer Hell
, 381.

141.
Kennedy,
Over Here
, 200.

142.
Lengel,
To Conquer Hell
, 385.

143.
Evan Andrew Huelfer,
The “Casualty Issue” in American Military Practice: The Impact of World War I
(Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003), passim.

144.
Lengel,
To Conquer Hell
, 419.

145.
Paul F. Braim,
The Test of Battle: The American Expeditionary Forces in the Meuse-Argonne Campaign
(Newark, DE: University of Delaware Press, 1987), 145.

146.
Smythe,
Pershing,
220.

147.
United States Army in the World War, 1917–1919
, 17 vols. (Washington, DC: Center for Military History, 1988–92), 10:19–30.

148.
Lengel,
To Conquer Hell
, 434.

149.
Sheffield, “Shadow of the Somme,” 30.

150.
G. D. Sheffield, “Oh! What a Futile War: Representations on the Western Front in Modern British Media and Popular Culture,” in Ian Stewart and Susan L. Carruthers, eds.,
War, Culture and the Media
(Trowbridge, Wilts, 1996), 54–74 (quotation on 63). The most famous war poem, “In Flanders Field,” was written by Canadian John McCrae.

151.
Sheffield, “Influence of the First World War,” 30; Sheffield, “Oh! What a Futile War,” 54.

152.
Robert Service,
Lenin: A Biography
(London: Pan Books, 2002), 2.

153.
Ibid., 8.

154.
Ibid., 8–10.

155.
Tuchman,
Proud Tower
, 413.

156.
Paul Johnson,
Modern Times: A History of the World from the Twenties to the Nineties
(New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 53; Service,
Lenin
, 243.

157.
Service,
Lenin
, 273.

158.
Ferguson,
War of the World,
150.

159.
Ibid., 151.

160.
Johnson,
Modern Times
, 55.

161.
Ferguson,
War of the World
, 150.

162.
Service,
Lenin,
273; Ferguson,
War of the World
, 151.

163.
Service,
Lenin
, 322.

164.
Ibid.

165.
Johnson,
Modern Times
, 62.

166.
Ferguson,
War of the World
, 151.

167.
H. Montgomery Hyde,
Stalin: the History of a Dictator
(New York: Popular Library, 1971), 105.

168.
Allan Bullock,
Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives
(London: HarperCollins, 1991), 269; Robert Service,
Stalin: A Biography
(Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2005), passim.

169.
Lynne Viola, V. P. Danilov, N. A. Ivnitskii, and Denis Kozlov,
The War
Against the Peasantry, 1927–1930
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005); “Kyiv Court Accuses Stalin Leadership of Organizing Famine,” http://www.kyivpost.com/news/city/detail/56954/; “Findings of the Commission on the Ukraine Famine,” http://www.faminegenocide.com/resources/findings.html.

170.
Quigley,
Tragedy & Hope
, 401.

171.
Robert Conquest,
The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1986).

172.
Ibid., 54, 127.

Chapter 3: Seeking Perfection in the Postwar World

1.
Niall Ferguson,
The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West
(New York: Penguin, 2006), 160.

2.
Alexander L. George and Juliette L. George,
Woodrow Wilson and Colonel House: A Personality Study
(New York: Courier Dover Publications, 1964), 202.

3.
David A. Andelman,
A Shattered Peace: Versailles 1919 and the Price We Pay Today
(New York: John Wiley, 2008), 1–2.

4.
George and George,
Woodrow Wilson and Colonel House
, 202.

5.
George Scott,
The Rise and Fall of the League of Nations
(New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1973), 39.

6.
New York Times
, February 28, 1919.

7.
Scott,
Rise and Fall of the League of Nations,
148.

8.
“Wilson in Italy: A Photographic Journey,” http://woodrowwilsonhouse.org/index.asp?section=news&file=news&ID=113.

9.
Andelman,
A Shattered Peace
, 29.

10.
George and George,
Woodrow Wilson and Colonel House
, 213.

11.
John David Lewis,
Nothing Less Than Victory: Decisive Wars and the Lessons of History
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010), 191.

12.
Ibid., 192.

13.
Walter Russell Mead,
God and Gold: Britain, America, and the Making of the Modern World
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2007), 66.

14.
Paul Johnson,
Modern Times: A History of the World from the Twenties to the Nineties
, rev. ed. (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 27.

15.
Andelman,
Shattered Peace
, 7.

16.
Ibid., 33–41.

17.
Ibid., 17.

18.
Mark Mazower,
Dark Continent: Europe's Twentieth Century
(New York: Vintage, 1998), 27.

19.
Ibid., 28.

20.
Johnson,
Modern Times
, 146.

21.
Mazower,
Dark Continent
, 19.

22.
Emily O. Goldman,
Sunken Treaties: Naval Arms Control Between the Wars
(College Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1994), 165.

23.
Erik Goldstein and John Maurer, eds.,
The Washington Conference, 1921–22: Naval Rivalry, East Asian Stability and the Road to Pearl Harbor
(London: Routledge, 1994).

24.
Hector Bywater,
Navies and Nations: A Review of Naval Developments Since the Great War
(London: Constable, 1927), 139.

25.
James B. Crowley,
Japan's Quest for Autonomy: National Security and Foreign Policy, 1930–1938
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966), 25.

26.
Goldman,
Sunken Treasures
, 101.

27.
Bywater,
Navies and Nations
, 220.

28.
Goldstein and Maurer,
The Washington Conference
, 19.

29.
Sadao Asada, “Japan's Special Interests and the Washington Conference, 1921–1922,”
American Historical Review
, 67, October 1961, 62–70.

30.
Goldman,
Sunken Treaties
, 44–45.

31.
Larry Schweikart and Lynne Pierson Doti,
Banking in the American West from the Gold Rush to Deregulation
(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991).

32.
Burke Davis,
The Billy Mitchell Affair
(New York: Random House, 1987); John T. Correll, “Billy Mitchell and the Battleships,”
Air Force Magazine
, June 2008, 64–65; U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission, “Billy Mitchell Sinks the Ships,” http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Air_Power/mitchell_tests/AP14.htm.

33.
William Mitchell,
Winged Defense: The Development and Possibilities of Modern Air Power—Economic and Military
(Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2006).

34.
James P. Tate,
The Army and Its Air Corps: Army Policy Toward Aviation, 1919–1941
(Huntsville, AL: Air University Press, 1968), 39.

35.
“Charles Lindbergh, An American Aviator,” http://www.charleslindbergh.com/history/paris.asp.

36.
Modris Eksteins,
Rites of Spring: The Great War and the Birth of the Modern Age
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1989), 243–44.

37.
Quoted in Adam Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy
(New York: Penguin, 2006), 10.

38.
Victoria de Grazia,
Irresistible Empire: America's Advance Through 20th-Century Europe
(Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 2005), 19.

39.
Richard P. Hallion,
Taking Flight: Inventing the Aerial Age from Antiquity Through the First World War
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 233.

40.
F. Robert van der Linden,
Airlines and Air Mail: The Post Office and the Birth of the Commercial Aviation Industry
(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2002), 243–70.

41.
Ferguson,
War of the World
, 242.

42.
Michael Burleigh,
Death and Deliverance: “Euthanasia” in Germany, 1900–1945
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1994), ix; Robert Jay Lifton,
The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide
(New York: Basic Books, 2000); Steven D. Devitt and Stephen J. Dubner,
Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything
(New York: HarperCollins, 2005).

43.
Jonah Goldberg,
Liberal Fascism: The Secret History of the American Left from Mussolini to the Politics of Meaning
(New York: Doubleday, 2007), 248–49; Thomas C. Leonard, “ ‘More Merciful and Not Less Effective': Eugenics and American Economics in the Progressive Era,”
History of Political Economy
, 35, Winter 2003, 709–34 (quotation on 707); Diane Paul, “Eugenics and the Left,”
Journal of the History of Ideas
, 45, October–December 1984, 567–90 (quotation on 586).

44.
H. G. Wells quoted in Michael Freeden, “Eugenics and Progressive Thought: A Study in Ideological Affinity,”
Historical Journal
, 22, September 1979, 645–71 (quotation on 656).

45.
H. G. Wells,
The New Machiavelli
(New York: Duffield, 1910), 379, and his
Modern Utopia
(London: T. F. Unwin, 1905), 183–84, cited in Goldberg,
Liberal Fascism
, 249.

46.
Charles Richard Van Hise,
The Conservation of Natural Resources in the United States
(New York: Macmillan, 1910), 378.

47.
Goldberg,
Liberal Fascism
, 260. Through governments by elites, Van Hise contended, diseases and food shortages could be wiped out in a decade, and the defective classes expeditiously eliminated. Daniel Kevles,
In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986), 68.

48.
Paul Weindling,
Health, Race and German Politics Between National Unification and Nazism, 1870–1945
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 344.

49.
Edward Alsworth Ross,
Social Control: A Survey of the Foundations of Order
(New York: Macmillan, 1901), and
Seventy Years of It
(New York: Appleton-Century, 1936), 70; Leonard, “More Merciful and Not Less Effective,” 699, 703.

50.
Sidney Webb, “The Economic Theory of a Legal Minimum Wage,”
Journal of Political Economy
, 20, December 1912, 973–98 (quotation on 992).

51.
Royal Meeker, “Review of Cours d'economie politique,”
Political Science Quarterly
, 25, 1910, 544.

52.
John R. Commons,
Races and Immigrants in America
(New York: Macmillan, 1907), 148–51.

53.
Edward J. Larson,
Sex, Race, and Science: Eugenics in the Deep South
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), 1.

54.
Ibid.

55.
Ibid., 27.

56.
Julius Paul, “Three Generations of Imbeciles Are Enough: State Eugenic Sterilization Laws in American Thought and Practice,” unpublished manuscript, Washington, DC: Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1965, 256–57; Alexandra Stern,
Eugenic Nation: Faults and Frontiers of Better Breeding in Modern America
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005).

57.
Larson,
Sex, Race and Science
, 38.

58.
David A. Valone, “Eugenic Science in California: The Papers of E. S. Gosney and the Human Betterment Foundation,” 1996, http://www.amphilsoc.org/mendel/1996.htm#Valone.

59.
Larson,
Sex, Race and Science
, 38.

60.
Ibid., 38, 62.

61.
Weindling,
Health, Race and German Politics
, 342–43.

62.
Ibid., 343.

63.
Ibid.