A Rainbow of Blood: The Union in Peril an Alternate History (52 page)

INTRODUCTION

1. "History of Fort McNair," http://www.fmmc.army.mil/sites/about/
history-mcnair.asp. Fort McNair now occupies the site of the Washington Arsenal, built 1803.

CHAPTER ONE: HANGING BILLY

1. William Tecumseh Sherman, "The Liberation of Chicago," Combat and
Commanders of the Civil War, vol. 3 (New York: The Century Company,
1885), 32-35.

2. Edwin C. Fishel, The Secret War for the Union: The Untold Story of Military
Intelligence in the Civil War (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1996),
84. These were men of the 3rd Indiana Cavalry, Cline's own regiment,
known for their skill in intelligence special operations mission. In 1862
they had earned the nickname of Hooker's Horse Marines for capturing
a Confederate sloop.

3. James W. Collier, The White Terror (Indianapolis: Hoosier Press, 1922),
202-10. Careful research by Collier showed that at least 8,200 men were
summarily executed in the Loyalist reaction to Copperhead atrocities
during the rising. Of these, over 2,500 were killed in Chicago and were
not part of the military executions ordered by Sherman. The true number can never he known. Collier cites James Beard's study in The Atlantic
Monthly, estimating the Copperheads had executed over 4,000 men in
the few weeks of the uprising.

4. *Ulysses S. Grant, "Saving the Army of the Cumberland," Combat and
Commanders of the Civil War, vol. 3 (New York: The Century Company,
1885), 293-95.

5. *Arthur Evans, With Grant at Chattanooga: An Aide-de-Camp's Memoir
(New York: Charles L. Webster, 1880), 111.

6. Julia Keller, Mr. Gatling's Terrible Marvel: The Gun That Changed Everything and the Misunderstood Genius Who Invented It (New York: Viking,
2008), 95.

7. *Gatling's Guns and the Copperhead Mob," New York Tribune, October
25,1863.

8. *John A. Dahlgren, "Official Report of the Battle of Charleston," February 13, 1864, National Archives. British losses included Black Prince, St.
George, Donegal, Shannon, Phaeton, Racoon, and Desperate, which were
sunk. Sans Pareil, Melponeme, Ariadne, and Cadmus were struck. The
surviving ships, most of which were badly damaged, escaped. Of the
ships that escaped, Challenger could not be saved and sank halfway to
Bermuda. The Royal Navy lost twelve of the nineteen ships Sir Michael
Seymour had led into action. The senior officer of the surviving ships
was so anxious to seek the safety of Bermuda's naval base that he failed
to dispatch one of his ships to take word of the defeat directly to Milne.
That oversight allowed the American ships to slip into Norfolk without
significant opposition.

9. *Dahlgren, "Official Report." U.S. Navy casualties were 250 dead, 32
missing, and 310 wounded. All but three of the 110 men on Atlanta were
lost.

10. Aaron C. Davis, Sinking the Black Prince: First Victory of the Submersible
Service (New York: Webster, 2004), 211.

11. *Stephen Clegg Rowan, With Dahlgren at Charleston: The Memoirs of the
Captain of the USS New Ironsides (New York: Webster, 1870), 276-77.

12. *Dahlgren, "Official Report." The British ships lost at the Battle of the
Bar were crewed by over slightly over 5,000 men. Of these men, 3,870
were found alive with 1,397 wounded. HMS Shannon went down with
almost her entire compliment of 560 men. The following are losses for
each ship:

13. "Roger C. Atwith, The Fighting Dahlgrens: Father and Son in the Civil War
and Great War (New York: Sheldon Publishers, 1899), 122-23.

14. Laird Brothers Shipbuilders were completing two double-turreted,
armored ironclads, CSS North Carolina and CSS Mississippi for the Confederate agent in Britain, James Bulloch. They were the first turreted
ironclads built in Britain, but their most notable feature was a steel ram,
an odd mix of the ancient and modern.

15. George Macaulay Tevelyan, The Life of John Bright (Boston: Houghton
Mifflin, 1913), 309.

16. Steve Sherman, "Karl Marx, Journalist: An Interview with Jim Ledbetter," MSZine, November, 1, 2008. The People's Paper was a supporter of the Charterist Movement in Britain. However, Marx's chief source of
income, aside from gifts from his friend Friedrich Engels, was the hundreds of articles he wrote as a foreign correspondent for the New York
Herald. The editor of the Herald, Charles Dana, had met Marx in Germany and recruited him, and he had become one its most prolific contributors. Dana by this time had resigned from the paper and had become
U.S. assistant secretary of war.

17. National Intelligencer, September 9, 1861; Albert A. Woldman, Lincoln and
the Russians (Cleveland: The World Publishing Company, 1952), 129.

18. *Baron Edouard de Stoeckl, Memoirs of Baron Stoeckl (Boston: McNeal
Publishers, 1893), 88-90.

19. *Woodrow Wilson, The Russo-American Alliance in the Great War (New
York: D. Appleton, 1905) 115-118. Wilson relied heavily on notes of
the meeting taken by John Hay, one of Lincoln's two secretaries. There
were no substantial disagreements with the accounts of this meeting by
Stoeckl and Hay.

20. Edwin C. Fishel, The Secret War for the Union: The Untold Story of Military
Intelligence in the Civil War (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1996),
257-59,303-302,375-77.

21. *Alexander C. Rutledge, Spymaster of the Republic: The Life of George H.
Sharpe (New York: Excelsior Press, 1934), 288.

22. *Thaddaeus Lowe, Army Aeronautics in the Great War (New York: The
Century Company, 1878), 38. *Charles Dana, Present at the Creation: A
Memoir of George H. Sharpe (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1892), 125.

23. Anthony Gross, ed., The Wit and Wisdom of Abraham Lincoln: The Best
Stories by and about America's Most Beloved President (New York: Barnes &
Noble, 1994), 220.

24. "The Manifest Destiny of America and Russia," New York Herald, August
31,1863.

25. *Sharpe, Conversations with Abraham Lincoln, 1863-1868 (Philadelphia: L.
B. Lippincott, 1886), 203-206.

26. The three joined fingers are to remind the believer of the Holy Trinity
and the two folded fingers of the human and divine natures of Christ.
Orthodox Christians cross themselves from right to left, while Catholics
cross themselves from left to right.

27. *Ivan Dolgoruky, The Great Tsar: Alexander II and the Great War (New
York: Beale Publishing, 1882), 102. Present on this occasion were Alexander's three older sons, Nicholas (19), Alexander (18), and Vladimir (16).
All three would see active service in World War I and each would later
state that this scene was the defining moment of their lives.

CHAPTER TWO: LE BAL

1. Rene Chartrand and Richard Hook, The Mexican Adventure 1861-67
(London: Osprey Publishing, 1994), 18-19.

2. Stephen Shann and Louis Delperier, French Army 1870-71 Franco-Prussian
War (1) (London: Osprey Publishing, 1991), 13, 44-47. The Zouaves had been formed in 1830 from the Zougha tribe but by 1842 had been thoroughly Europeanized.

3. Bruce Bassett-Powell, Maurice Toussaints Imperial Guard of Napoleon 111 3
(Waterford, TX: Uniformology, 2006) 3.

4. Shann and Delperier, French Army, 38.

5. Steve Wilson, "We May Die, but Never Will Surrender" - The Battle of Cameron, htpp://www.military.com/NewContent/0,13190,Wilson_022805-
P1.html.

6. Chartrand, The Mexican Adventure, 19. Shann, French Army, 13.

7. Richard L. Hill and Peter C. Hogg, A Black Corps d'Elite: An Egyptian Sudanese Conscript Battalion with the French Army in Mexico, 1863-1867, and
Its Survivors in Subsequent African History (East Lansing: Michigan State
University Press, 1995).

8. *Emile DuPont, The Prince de Polignac: Hero of Vermillionville (New Orleans: Crescent City Press, 1890), 32-33.

9. *Richard Taylor, Destruction and Reconstruction: Personal Experiences in the
Civil War (New York: Da Capo,1995),154.

10. The battle of Galveston on October 4, 1862, was as uneven a naval
engagement as history has shown. The French squadron consisted of
several of the French broadside ironclads of the Gloire class as well as
ships-of-the line and frigates. The ships of the Union West Gulf Blockading Squadron were all lightly armed converted merchantmen. Nevertheless, the victory allowed Paris the immense satisfaction of comparing
their overwhelming naval victory over the American 'Anglo-Saxons" to
the crushing British defeat at Charleston. The British did not know what
stung worse-losing to the Americans or listening to the French cock
crow over it. It put a great strain on the Anglo-French alliance of convenience. *Walter Davenport, The Anglo-French Alliance in the Great War
(Boston: Brown & Brown Publishers, 1895), 43-47.

11. Bazaine had initially crossed into Texas at the beginning of the month
at Brownsville as an immediate demonstration of French support to the
Confederacy. The French naval victory in the Battle of Galveston had
allowed his force to he quickly embarked and transported to Galveston,
which was a short march of a little over a hundred miles to his rendezvous with Taylor. He had been advised that if you march through Texas,
you simply never arrive, the distances were so great. Richard Taylor,
Destruction and Reconstruction: Personal Experiences of the Civil War (New
York: D. Appleton, 1879), 14-144.

12. Official Records of the War of the Rebellion, vol. 26, part 1 (Washington:
Government Printing Office, 1880), 783.

13. Peter G. Tsouras, Britannia's Fist: From Civil War to World War (Washington: Potomac Books, 2008), 43.

14. Ian Sumner, British Colours & Standards 1847-1881 (2) (London: Osprey
Publishing Ltd, 2001), 3, 10-11. The royal colors were not called the
queen's (or later the king's) colors until 1892.

15. Philip Katcher, American Civil War Armies 2: Union Troops (London: Osprey Publishing, 1986) plates C & D, 45-46. Russ A. Pritchard, Jr. The
Irish Brigade: A Pictorial History of the Famed Civil War Fighters (Philadelphia: Courage Books, 2004), 36-39.

16. "National Character of the Scottish Regiments," originally published in
1862, cited in http://www.htinternet.com/-james.mckay/account7htm

17. "The Gun: Rifled Ordnance -Armstrong," Royal New Zealand Artillery
Old Comrades' Association, http://riv.co.nz/rnza/hist/gun/rifled3.htm.

18. Directorate of History, Canadian Forces Headquarters, Report No. 6, 30
June 1966,147-48.

19. Desmond Morton, A Military History of Canada: From Champlain to Kosovo
(Toronto: McClelland & Stewart Publishers, 1999), 88.

20. Register and Numeric Index of the Regiments and Corps of Canada and
British North America since 1783, http://www.regiments.org.

21. Official Records of the War of the Rebellion, vol. 26, part 1 (Washington:
Government Printing Office, 1888), 334.

22. Mark A. Snell, From First to Last: The Life of Major General William B.
Franklin (New York: Fordham University Press, 2002), 109.

23. Mac Wyckoff, ed., In Defense of Gen. William B. Franklin at the Battle of
Fredericksburg, Virginia (Fredericksburg, VA: Sergeant Kirkland's Museum and Historical Society, 1995), 47-48.

24. Michael Barthorp, Queen Victoria's Commanders (London: Osprey Publishing, 2000), 23.

25. George MacDonald Fraser, Flashman and the Dragon (New York: Plume,
1987).

CHAPTER THREE: NITER AND A ONE-EYED LAKE

1. Helen Nicolay, Personal Traits of Abraham Lincoln: From the Notes of John
Nieolay, Lincoln's Private Secretary (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books,
2006), 248-49.

2. Harold Holzer, ed., Lincoln as I Knew Him: Gossip, Tributes and Revelations
from His Best Friends and Worst Enemies (Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin
Books, 1999), 98.

3. Abraham Lincoln, "Second Lecture on Discoveries and Inventions,"
February 11, 1859, in Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, vol. 3 (Rutgers
University Press, 1953, 1990), 357.

4. Robert V. Bruce, Lincoln and the Tools of War (Indianapolis: Bohbs-Merrill
Company, 1956), 270. The U.S. was now buying most of its niter from
Chile instead of Great Britain's Indian sources.

5. "Report of the Royal Commission upon the Volunteer Force," ([3053]
HC (1862) xxvii), 89.