A Rainbow of Blood: The Union in Peril an Alternate History (54 page)

9. Mark Serrano, "Intelligence and Reconnaissance during the Hudson
Valley Campaign," Army Review, vol. 87 (June 12, 1888):47.

10. Judson Knight, "Scouting for Hooker," National Tribune, July 12, 1890,
12. Knight's series of articles under the column "Fighting Them Over,"
are a major primary source for the more adventuresome details of the
campaign.

11. F. Stansbury Haydon, Military Ballooning during the Early Civil War (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), 249-50.

12. Spencer Tucker, Arming the Fleet: U.S. Navy Ordnance in the Muzzle-Loading Era (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1989), 244.

13. Robert J. Schneller, Jr., Cushing: Civil War SEAL (Washington: Potomac
Books, 2004), 101.

14. Thomas S. Dickey and Peter C. George, Field Artillery Projectiles of the
American Civil War (Atlanta: Arsenal Press, 1980), 440.

15. Lowe, The Battle of Washington from the Air, 42-43.

16. *John R. Tappen, The History of the 120th New York State Volunteer Regiment (New York: The Neale Publishing Company, 1876), 236-38. Tappen
and Sharpe were good friends, having served together as captains in the
20th New York State Militia Regiment when their unit was rushed to defend Washington in 1861 after the firing on Fort Sumter. They remained
friends for life and to that association is due one of the finest prose portraits of Sharpe, much referred to by historians.

17. *Dwight D. Eisenhower, The Coffee Mill Gun and the Revolution It Caused
(Washington: The Infantry Press, 1940), 121-23.

18. "George M. Miller, History of the 20th New York State Militia Regiment
(Kingston, NY: Regimental Union, 1890), 187-88.

CHAPTER NINE: PERILOUS MORNING

1. Knight, "Scouting for Hooker," 12.

2. *Mark Serrano, "Intelligence and Reconnaissance during the Hudson
Valley Campaign," Army Review, vol. 87 (June 1888): 60.

3. *Martin Steinbach, The Washington Campaign (New York: Webster, 1979),
56-57. *Jackson O'Hara, "Running the Guns at Fort Washington, Battles
of the Civil War Magazine, January 30, 1988, 23.

4. John Buchanan (1791-1868), the last president of the United States to he
born in the eighteenth century, Buchanan was blamed for taking no serious action to arrest the South's secession.

5. Steuart acquired his nickname to distinguish him from the other Stuart-the dashing J. E. B. Stuart who commanded the cavalry of the Army
of Northern Virginia. Steuart was a native Marylander and captain in
the U.S. Army when the South seceded. Although Maryland did not follow that example, Steuart's loyalties were to the South. He resigned his
commission, joined the Confederate service and was given command of
the 1st Maryland Regiment, composed of other Marylanders expatriates.

6. John Manchip White, Marshal of France: The Life and Times of Maurice,
Comte de Saxe, 1696-1750 (New York: Rand McNally, 1962), 159. Attributed to a British sergeant of the Foot Guards (later Grenadier Guards)
awaiting a volley from the French royal guard regiment Maison du Roi at
the battle of Fontenoy on May 11, 1745.

7. The War of the Rebellion: Official Records of the Union and Confederate
Armies, series 1, vol. 29, part 1 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1890), 817-23. This entry gives the order of battle of the Army of
Northern Virginia as of October 31, 1863. Steuart's brigade consisted
of the 1st Maryland, 1st North Carolina, 33rd, 10th, and 37th Virginia
Regiments.

8. Lowe, The Battle of Washington from the Air, 45-47. This was the beginning of a lifelong friendship between Lowe and Zeppelin who collaborated on many improvements in the construction and use of lighterthan-air ships. This led to the development and joint production of the
American-German Von-Steuben class bomber airships. It was an air
fleet of over 200 German Steuhens that raided London in 1890 so successfully in the great air raids of World War II.

9. Heinrich Steiner, Per deutsche Tat fur Amerika: Per Mauer and die
Deutseher in den grossen Krieg (St. Louis, MO: Ostmann Publishing Company, 1889), 101.

10. The title of "Damned Dutch" persisted with XI Corps despite the fact
that after Gettysburg, as an examination of its order of battle will show,
many of its German regiments were replaced with other regiments. Although a significant German element remained, it was not as strong as
before.

11. *Russell Alger, "Train-Busting in the Battle of Claverack," Combat and
Commanders of the Civil War (New York: The Century Company, 1890),
297.

12. Longstreet had to go into battle with only the divisions of Hood and
McLaws on the second day at Gettysburg. Pickett's division would not
arrive until the evening of that day, long after the fighting stopped.

13. *Arthur Freemantle, Paulet in the Hudson Valley Campaign: A Study in
Command (Edinburgh, UK: Blackwood and Sons, 1885), 146. Freemantle,
who had been an observer at Gettysburg, continued to show a great
interest in the fighting in North America after the war had widened.
He maintained a heavy correspondence with Wolseley, who provided
him much of the information and insights that appeared in Freemantle's
book.

14. *George Armstrong Custer, The Cavalry at Clavarack (New York; Weh-
ster,1880), 97.

15. Edward G. Longacre, The Cavalry at Gettysburg: A Tactical Study of
Mounted Operations during the Civil War's Pivotal Campaign, 9 June-14
July 1863 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1993), 242. Davies had
inherited Farnsworth's brigade; it was to the commander of the 5th
New York that Farnsworth had said of Kilpatrick's criminal order, "My
God, Hammond, Kil is going to have a cavalry charge. It is too awful to
think of."

16. *"The Destruction of the Washington Arsenal," Committee on the Conduct of the War, U.S. House of Representatives, July 1, 1868, 322-28. *Sir
Hugh Dunlop, The Descent Upon Washington in the Great War (London:
Collins & Sons, 1876), 265-67; John Rogers Cooke, Gallant Men: Cooke's
Brigade in the War (Richmond, VA: Longstreet Press, 1882), 311.

17. "Lowe, The Battle of Washington from the Air, 60. Lowe's panoramic
description of the explosion and its effect on Washington is the most
unique of the narratives of that horrific event.

18. "John Rogers Cooke, Campaigning with Lee: The History of Cooke's Brigade
(Richmond, VA: Tidewater Press, 1888), 266.

19. *Joseph L. Cartwright, Sailor and Aeronaut: The Life of William Cushing
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Academy Press, 1972), 132-33. William B. Cushing (1842-1874) had been expelled from the Naval Academy for his
pranks and poor scholarship. With the attack on Fort Sumter, he pled
successfully to Secretary Welles for reinstatement. He went on to win
"a distinguished record, frequently volunteering for the most hazardous missions. His heroism, good luck, and coolness under fire were
legendary."

20. Emory Upton, The Nation in Arms: Hooker and the Military Revolution
(New York: D. Appleton, 1887), 92-94.

21. *Oliver P. Campbell, Old Slow Come: The Enigmatic Life of General John Slocum (New York: Xenophon Books, 1996), 258.

22. "Upton, The Nation in Arms, 95.

23. *Custer, The Cavalry at Clavarack, 110.

24. * Upton, The Nation in Arms, 97.

25. *Wolseley, The Great War in North America, 230-32.

CHAPTER TEN: "PRETTIEST PARADE I'VE EVER SEEN"

1. *George H. Sharpe, The Central Information Bureau in the Great War (New
York: Collier's Publishing Company, 1884), 89.

2. *Elizabeth Keckley, My fife with the Lincolns (New York: The Neale Publishing Company, 1875), 211-12. Keckley's is the only eyewitness account
of the actual shooting, since the president downplayed it in his memoirs, and Mrs. Lincoln and Tad refused to ever comment on the incident.

3. *Michael D. Wilmoth, Reminiscences of Lincoln (New York: Dodd, Meade,
1886), 178-79. Wilmoth's account of events after he entered the room is
largely in agreement with Keckley's.

4. *Keckley, My Life with the Lincolns, 212. *Jospeh R. Sanders, The Lincoln
Plot (New York: Browning Books, 1955), 211-14. Sanders' hook is the
first reference to a letter Lincoln wrote to his friend, Admiral Dahlgren,
in which he discusses details of his fight with Smoke. The letter was only
found in the National Archives in 1953 by the author while searching
naval administrative records.

5. Ralph W. Kimball, "Defending the Navy Yard: Sailors, Marines, and
Balloons," Journal of Naval History, vol. 23 (August 9, 1912): 23-24.

6. William B. Cushing, Naval Aero-Power in the Great War: The Creation and
Combat History of the Naval Aeronautics Service (NAS) (New York: Appleton & Co., 1975), 24.

7. Jason Martin, From the Brink of Oblivion: General Henry Warner Slocum
(New York: Ultimate Books, 1977), 235. Slocum was reassigned to Sherman's command where he was given command of a corps, which he led
with great credit against the French in the Second Battle of New Orleans.

8. Official Records of the Great War, series 1, vol. III, part 2 (Washington:
Government Printing Office, 1878), 423. Alger had attacked the lead
train carrying the 3rd Hamilton Brigade; in addition to the 932 prisoners
taken, the wreck and subsequent attack had inflicted another 211 killed
and wounded. Most of the casualties were in the 1/47 Foot and Canadian 11th Battalion Volunteer Militia. The remnant of the brigade was
unable to take part in the fighting in Stottville.

9. The War of the Rebellion: Official Records of the Union and Confederate
Armies, series 1. vol. 31, part 1 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1890), 801. The corps present for duty was 8,702. The day before the
battle, a brigade of New York regiments from the defenses of Washington arrived, to include the 20th New York State Militia Regiment.

10. *Wolseley, The Great War in North America, vol. 1, 225-26. Aldershot in
Hampshire was the main maneuver area of the British Army in England established in 1854. Today it is known as the Home of the British
Army.

11. "Edward Swinton, The Battle for Washington: Lee's Great Gamble (Philadelphia: National Publishing, 1878), 217-29.

12. *Francis X. Sweeny, Hard Pounding: The XII Corps at Claverack (New
York; Francis D. Tandy Company, 1984), 200-202.

13. *John W. McGiver, The Battle of "Out, Out!" (New York: Scott & Sons,
Publishers, 1886), 132-33. The nickname for the battle formerly known
as the Battle of Claverack was the Battle of "Out, Out." McGiver wrote
twenty years after the war and carefully interviewed hundreds of veterans to discover the origin of the shout. The best answer he could find
was that a lieutenant of the brigade had tried to exhort his men with
valor of the Saxons at Hastings who had shouted down at the Norman
knights, "Out, Out!" The troops had overlooked the fact that the Saxons
had lost, but had taken to the words. The reference to the magic arrow
was the lucky shot that struck the Saxon king, Harold, in the right eye.

14. *John W. Winston, The Royal Navy in the Battle for Washington (London:
Biddle & Marston, 1923), 173. The captain of Spiteful was awarded the
Victoria Cross for his intrepidity in this action.

15. *Thaddeus Lowe, The Triumph of Aeronautics (Philadelphia: Henry T.
Coates, 1880), 239. This hook is a paean to the capabilities of the military
balloon. However, Lowe does not stint his praise of Cushing. The two
became fast friends and later collaborators in the development of military and naval balloons.

16. *Jacob van Dyke, With Sharpe and the 120th at the Long Bridge: A Corporal's
Story (Albany: J. Munsell Publishers, 1875), 129. Surprisingly well-written, this soldier's-eye view of the action at the Long Bridge is a priceless
part of the historical record for its close observation of Sharpe's skilled
conduct of the fight as well as his portrait of Lincoln at the time.

17. *Joseph Hooker, The Battle for New York in the Great War (New York: D.
Appleton, 1872), 382.

18. Peter G. Tsouras, ed., The Book of Military Quotations (London: Greenhill
Books, 2005), 336.

CHAPTER ELEVEN: CLICK, BANG!

1. *Cushing, Naval Aero-Power in the Great War, 57.

2. "Sinking Ships from the Air," Harper's Weekly, October 12, 1863, 13. This
article contained a lengthy interview with Cushing in the hospital and
proved to he one of the most sought-after issues of the magazine during
the war. Cushing was deluged with flowers, candy, fruit, and all sorts of
knitted and embroidered items, not to mention hundreds of love letters
from girls and young women across the North. The hospital commander
finally had to put his ward off limits to female visitors.

3. *Friedrich Graf von Heinzen, The Rise of German Air Power, trans. Oscar
Ritter (Boston: Roberts Brothers Publishers, 1936), 125-130. This issue,
which also contained the coffee mill gun article, caused a sensation in
Europe and was widely reprinted. In Prussia the king ordered copies of
the articles for every officer at the suggestion of his army chief of staff,
Gen. Helmuth von Moltke. The arrival of the Harper's issue coincided
with the arrival of a detailed report and analysis of balloon operations
by von Zeppelin. Von Moltke also wrote a lengthy analysis that was
published in the prestigious Berliner Beobacther, a clear signal of government approval. Von Zeppelin was immediately recalled and put in
charge of the development of the newly created Aeronautics Bureau
of the Prussian general staff, with orders to develop a program along
American lines.

4. *George H. Sharpe, "The Defense of the Long Bridge," Journal of the Ulster Historical Society, vol. xii (July 4, 1890): 36.

5. Gerald S. Henig and Eric Niderost, Civil War Firsts: The Legacies of America's Bloodiest Conflict (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2001), 77.

6. John R. Ivers, The Coffee Mill Gunners: The Modern Fighting Man (New
York; Dodd, Meade & Company, 1870), 126-27.

7. `The Coffee Gun Miracle," Leslie's Weekly, October 12, 1863, 25. "Lincoln's Coffee Mill Guns: Baptism of Fire," Harper's Weekly, October 12,
1863, 7. Both magazines rushed engraved illustrations of the weapon
into print, Leslie's being the more accurate in the depiction of the scene
at the Long Bridge. Mathew Brady, however, immortalized the scene by
rushing down to the bridge as the fighting had just ended to take pictures of the actual guns as well as the detritus of battle. *Mathew Brady,
Photographs of the Defense of Washington (New York: Charles B. Richardson, 1864), 22-27.