A Trust Betrayed (48 page)

Toxemia,
43

Toxic Substances Control Act (1976),
138

TRICARE health-care program,
245

Trichloroethylene (TCE)

     
at Berkeley Manor Elementary School,
71

     
benzene and solvents at Hadnot Point,
69–70

     
BUMED limits and testing regulations,
235–236

     
CCE test procedure,
55

     
congressional action over standards for,
184–185

     
countrywide contamination problems,
59

     
disability benefits for exposed veterans,
222

     
DoD opposition to childhood leukemia investigation,
108

     
EPA report on toxicity limits,
130–134

     
EPA risk assessment,
239–241

     
EPA's SNARL warning,
52–53

     
esophageal cancer,
250

     
extent of contamination,
88
,
249–250

     
government awareness of cancer connection,
129–131

     
inhaling fumes from,
114–115

     
Kelly Air Force Base contamination,
255–256

     
lack of standards and regulations,
32–33
,
54

     
linking to birth defects,
102–103
,
105
,
129–131
,
152–153
,
187
,
189
,
214
,
223

     
military downplaying severity of contamination,
74
,
142
,
164–165

     
1980s water sampling,
47
,
51

     
Oversight and Investigations Subcommittee hearing,
162

     
Rifle Range tests,
55

     
role in cancer,
129–131

     
state government's notification of violations,
83

     
widespread use of,
36

     
Woburn contamination,
120

Trihalomethanes (THMs),
45
,
48
,
51–52
,
67
,
81

Tucker, Brooks,
252–253

United States Geological Survey (USGS),
82–83

US Naval Academy, Annapolis,
7
,
25
,
121
,
172

USS
Vandalia
,
25

Veterans Affairs, Department of

     
congressional negotiations for compensation legislation,
244–248

     
cost of compensation,
208

     
denial of benefits,
223–224

     
disability claims backlog,
260

     
Feres Doctrine,
231–232
,
238

     
Kahaly's compensation,
217

     
NRC report as obstacle to veterans' benefits,
215

     
shifting stance on disability benefits,
218–222

Vieques, Puerto Rico,
11–13
,
17
,
207–208

Vietnam War,
10
,
13
,
17–18
,
20–21
,
63–64
,
173

Vinyl chloride,
83

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

     
ATSDR Public Health Assessment,
101–103
,
117
,
196

     
connection to childhood illnesses,
75–76

     
“independent” panel findings,
151–152

     
military downplaying severity of contamination,
74

     
1980s water sampling,
70–71

     
Superfund site,
95

Wakild, Chuck,
85

Walden, Greg,
167

Walker, Yvonne P.,
101

Wallmeyer, J.G.,
58–59

Walter Reed Army Medical Center,
260
,
264

War of 1812,
23

Warminster Naval Air Development Center (Pennsylvania),
59

Wartenberg, Daniel,
203–204

Washington Post,
141–143
,
152
,
252

Water and Air Research, Inc., Gainesville, FL,
58

Water supply and systems

     
base officials' review of confirmation test results,
72–73

     
benzene contamination,
69–70
,
210

     
Camp Lejeune reducing frequency of,
59–60

     
Carbon Chloroform Extract procedure,
54–55

     
EPA notification of Camp Lejeune base commander on contamination limits,
45–46

     
failure to locate contamination source,
67–68

     
fuel contamination,
70–71

     
incorrect data regarding the use of,
140–141

     
judge holding Marine Corps responsible for testing,
235–236

     
military downplaying extent of contamination,
74
,
76
,
81–82
,
94–95
,
163

     
1980s sampling,
47–49

     
off-base contamination,
80–81

     
USMC lack of cooperation on test data,
99–100

     
VOC contamination,
71

     
well closures resulting from contamination,
71–72

     
See also
Benzene
;
Tetrachloroethylene
;
Trichloroethylene

Water Survivors,
121–123
,
126
,
159
,
181
,
225
,
228–230

Water treatment processes,
30–32
,
45–46

Watters, James,
212

Wattras, Ray,
88

White House Office of Management and Budget,
106–107
,
110
,
188

Whitfield, Ed,
168

Williams, Robert C.,
198–199

Williams, Scott,
179

Willow Grove Naval Air Station (Pennsylvania),
59

Wilmington Morning Star
,
74

Woburn, Massachusetts,
105–106
,
108
,
110
,
120
,
129–130
,
156–157
,
162

Wolfowitz, Paul,
137–139

Wooten, Julian,
33–35
,
49
,
67
,
72
,
86

World War I,
26–27

World War II,
3–7
,
63

W.R. Grace Corporation,
120
,
130

Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (Ohio),
17

Wurtsmith Air Force Base (Michigan),
59

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

M
IKE
M
AGNER
, author of
Poisoned Legacy: The Human Cost of BP's Rise to Power
, has been a journalist for nearly four decades. He is currently a managing editor at
National Journal
in Washington, DC. Magner first heard about Camp Lejeune's water contamination in 2004 and has been working on the story ever since. A native of South Bend, Indiana, and a graduate of Georgetown University, he and his wife, son, and daughter live in Arlington, Virginia.