A Workbook to Communicative Grammar of English (40 page)

Task three (suggested answers) ***

Vivien asked Pearl, as she was a social worker running a project for single mothers, if it was possible for them to keep their babies.

Pearl replied that, in some parts of her country, those women were still experiencing problems. She said that often the family couldn’t afford to feed an extra mouth, but she had found that, if a woman and her baby got some support, they were accepted into the family.

Vivien asked what happened if they were not accepted.

Pearl said that the less fortunate women were told that there were support services at several refuges. She added that over two hundred single mothers had passed through them since 1998 and most were coping well on their own.

Vivien suggested that, in spite of all their efforts, they didn’t always reach those who needed to be helped most.

Pearl agreed. She said she knew dozens of women who had given up their babies, but she felt sure their numbers would keep going down, as they had over the past few years.

UNIT SIX

Adjectives

6.1. Adjectives

Sections 440–444

Task one **

Used
attributively
: 1.
medical – vegetable – chief
; 2.
sheer – main – utter;
4.
mere
5.
live

Used
predicatively
: 2.
afraid;
4.
alive and kicking;
5.
asleep – awake

Used
attributively
&
predicatively
: 1.
obvious – healthy
; 2.
lazy – clumsy;
3.
bright – cloudier – odd – late;
4.
ill – deadly – complete;
5.
shocking – clear – heinous – evil – unpunished

Task two *

1.  
quite
; 2.
extremely; a little;
3.
mainly;
4.
really;
5.
wide – abundantly

Task three (suggested answers) ***

Task four ***

1.
(b) reduced present progressive (‘to be’ is understood, and an object governed by a preposition follows).

2.
(a) preceded by premodifying degree adverb

3.
(a) preceded by degree adverb

4.
(b) present progressive (‘
is … ing
’ is followed by direct object)

5.
(a) preceded by degree adverb

6.
(a) preceded by degree adverb

7.
(a) is synonym for another adjective, e.g. ‘positive’

8.
(a) preceded by degree adverb

9.
(b) passive construction; (b) followed by direct object

10.
(a) is a synonym for another adjective, e.g. ‘difficult’; (b) followed by direct object

11.
(b) passive construction; (a) preceded by degree adverb

12.
(a) is a synonym for another adjective, e.g. ‘furious’; (a) is a synonym for another adjective, e.g. ‘very strong’; (b) reduced passive: ‘which was voiced by …’

Task five **

towering; spongy; former; wiry; sharp; prickly; dressed; oily; rear; sure; working; useful; plastic; squeaky

6.2. Adjective or adverb?

Sections 445–447

Task one **

1. angrily; 2. angry; 3. courageous; 4. courageously; 5. marvellous; 6. marvellously; 7. deliciously; 8. delicous; 9. fatal; 10. fatally; 11. hazy; 12. hazily

Task two **

1. direct; 2. highly; 3. close; 4. bare; 5. short; 6. lately; 7. barely; 8. strong; 9. directly 10. loud and clear; 11. shortly; 12. high; 13. hard; 14. loudly and clearly; 15. late; 16. closely; 17. rightly; 18. hardly; 19. strongly; 20. right

6.3. Adjectives as heads

Section 448; 90; 579–580

Task one *

1. the unemployed; 2. the disabled; 3. the rich/well-off/wealthy; 4. the faithful/religious; 5. the oppressed; 6. the homeless; 7. the British; 8. the Welsh; 9. the Irish; 10. the Spanish; 11. the French; 12. the Dutch

Task two ***

1. the supernatural; 2. the obvious; 3. the absurd; 4. the impossible; 5. the insane; 5. (all) the necessary; 7a. the eternal; 7b. the temporary; 8. the unimaginable/unthinkable

6.4. Adjective patterns

Sections 436–438

Task one **

1. on; 2. of; 3. for; 4. with; 5. with; 6. in; 7. to; 8. of/for/about; 9.with; 10. at; 11. on; 12. for

Task two **

1.
I am shocked that / It is shocking that so many people are using drugs these days.

2.
It is essential that the government forms / should form a Royal Commission.

3.
I am grateful that you are offering me this unique opportunity.

4.
I was proud that I had helped in the attempt to fight poverty.

5.
It is shameful that we have not learned any lessons from this bloody conflict.

6.
It is/was outrageous that
Titanic
beat
Star Wars
at the box office.

7.
I am confident that the scheme will be very successful.

8.
I am not surprised / It is not surprising that Mr Welsh offers useful advice on how to deal with the war on drugs.

9.
I am/was alarmed / It is/was alarming that Peter tried to deny the gravity of the problem.

10.
I was convinced that I was watching another movie altogether.

11.
It is evident that we should move forward in positive and productive ways.

12.
I am hopeful that I will begin to get some real answers at last.

6.5. Adjective patterns with a
to
-infinitive

Section 439

Task one **

1.
The doctor slowly realised the seriousness of his patient’s condition.

2.
It was wise of Susan to ditch her boyfriend. / Susan wisely ditched her boyfriend.

3.
It is almost impossible to come by manual typewriters these days.

4.
It made the Queen (feel) astonished to see so many well-wishers.

5.
It is likely that such vicious attacks will recur in the next few months.

6.
It can be very pleasant to teach sixteen-year-olds.

7.
It is certain that the 6 o’clock plane for Tokyo will arrive on time.

8.
It was foolish of you to accept a bribe from that man.

9.
It is increasingly hard to catch some species of fish.

10.
It made the couple next door (feel) relieved to get news of their son.

11.
It was clever of Bob to write a letter of apology to the headmaster.

12.
It made me (feel) happy to be invited to the Prime Minister’s birthday party.

Task two **

1.
slow
: type 4 (quick)

2.
wise
: type 1 (clever, foolish, silly, stupid, unwise)

3.
impossible
: type 2 (hard, difficult, easy)

4.
astonished
: type 3 (amazed, surprised)

5.
likely
: type 5 (unlikely, certain)

6.
pleasant
: type 2 (easy, hard)

7.
certain
: type 5 (uncertain)

8.
foolish
: type 1 (silly, stupid, unwise, clever, wise)

9.
hard
: type 2 (difficult, easy)

10.
relieved
: type 3 (glad, amazed, astonished)

11.
clever
: type 1 (wise, foolish, silly, stupid, unwise)

12.
happy
: type 3 (glad, sad)

UNIT SEVEN

Adverbs, adverbials and prepositions

7.1. Adverbs

Sections 464–469

Task one *

too
;
effectively
;
largely
;
directly
;
otherwise
;
fully
;
even
;
so
;
right
;
why
;
else
;
back

Task two **

too
: pre-modifier of adjective;
effectively
: adverbial in sentence;

largely
: adverbial in sentence;
directly
: adverbial in sentence;

otherwise
: adverbial in sentence;
fully
: pre-modifier of noun phrase;

even
: pre-modifier of adverb;
so
: adverbial in sentence;
right
: adverbial in sentence;

why
: adverbial in sentence;
else
: post-modifier;
back
: pre-modifier of preposition

Task three **

far; just; still; normally; beautifully; well; still; mainly; almost/nearly; nearly/almost; only; certainly; more; ago; however; never; never

Task four (suggested answers) **

1. somewhere else/elsewhere; 2. powerful enough; 3. how impertinent a young man; 4. hardly any; 5. sufficiently familiar; 6. what a ludicrous; 7. very little; 8. no-one else; 9. not an experienced enough pilot; 10. too honest a stockbroker ever to cheat

7.2. Adverbials – Introduction

Sections 449–452

Task one **

In the last 50 years
;
in Newfoundland economics
;
although the fishing industries are still the largest employers
;
still
;
no longer
;
exclusively
;
for its livelihood
;
In recent years
;
off the coast of the island and off Labrador
;
just off the east coast of St John’s
;
If plans are realized
;
by the millennium

Task two **

Task three **

1a.
General elections always take place on a Thursday.

1b.
They are not public holidays. People have to work in the normal way, so polling stations are open from seven in the morning till ten at night to give everybody the opportunity to vote.

2a.
Not long ago, Andrew Nugée would pack an SLR film camera and about 30 rolls of film when he went on vacation.

2b.
Now he simply takes a digital camcorder for capturing both moving and still images.

2c.
Nugée is just one of many who have been bitten by the digital-imaging bug. “It’s completely changed my approach to photography. I take my camcorder everywhere,” he says.

7.3. Time-when 1

Sections 151–155; 455–456

Task one *

1. in the 1960s; 2. in 2000, on 5 August; 3. last Friday; 4. in the 19th century; 5. by/at night; 6. at midnight; 7. during a recession;
8.  next week; 9. at 10.45 a.m.; 10. early autumn/in the early autumn; 11. Tuesday morning / on Tuesday morning; 12. in 1918, at 11 a.m. on 11 November.

Task two (possible answers) **

1. in 1962 / on 1 May / at 3 a.m.; 2. in 1967 / in September 1967; 3. two years ago; 4. at university between 1985 and 1988; 5. at half-past six …….. at midnight; 6. now; 7. in the dark; 8. after the evening meal; 9. next week; 10. in June

Task three **

1a. at 3.30 a.m.; 1b. at half-past nine; 2a. in July; 2b. again; 2c. in August; 3a. on 11 May 1926; 3b. on 14 May; 3c. three years later; 4a. when I get back indoors; 4b. this autumn

7.4. Time-when 2

Sections 156–160

Task one **

1.
I decided to talk to my wife first and see my solicitor afterwards.

2.
Over 170 nations had already signed the non-proliferation treaty by the end of 1999.

3.
The European Union may well consist of about twenty-five member states a few years from now.

4.
George Bush Sr. was President of the United States before he was succeeded by Bill Clinton.

5.
The missing girl left home two weeks ago and has not been seen since.

6.
The Boeing 747 took off from Dubai Airport hours ago, so it should have landed in Delhi by now.

7.
The situation in Eastern Europe began to change very fast after the collapse of communism.

8.
I still don’t know whether a solution has yet been found.

9.
Hostilities had resumed earlier that month, but fortunately things quietened down after a while.