A Workbook to Communicative Grammar of English (42 page)

11.
We were given a FAIRLY accurate description of the situation.

12.
Dear Kenny, I’m looking forward to your visit A LOT.

Task two *

1. rather; 2. exactly; 3. too; 4. strictly; 5. utterly; 6. a great deal; 7. in the least; 8. slightly; 9. altogether; 10. quite; 11. a little; 12a. almost; 12b. extremely

7.19. Gradable words and degree 2

Sections 219–221

Task one **

1. much; 2. very much; 3. altogether; 4. very; 5. very much; 6. much; 7. very; 8. a lot; 9. altogether; 10a. very; 10b. very much

Task two **

1.
Jimmy looked RATHER pathetic standing in the rain outside.

2.
Joan seemed ENTIRELY at ease in this new environment.

3.
It’s QUITE a pleasant walk now that the heather is in full bloom.

4.
The information we received was FAIRLY accurate.

5.
The next of kin were UTTERLY devastated by the news.

6.
I’m not AT ALL convinced that this is the ideal approach.

7.
For thirty years Mr Lee made a FAIRLY easy living as a fisherman.

8.
I’ve been A BIT worried about my health lately.

9.
What you were saying is COMPLETELY beside the point.

10.
It would be EXTREMELY foolish to support such a stupid idea.

7.20. Other aspects of degree adverbs

Sections 222–223

Task one ***

1. absolutely unique; 2. literally starving; 3. absolutely desperate; 4. absolutely livid; 5. almost impossible; 6. absolutely fascinating; 7. absolutely amazing; 8. absolutely superb; 9. utterly crazy. 10. completely wrong

Task two **

An old ruler was complaining that
he was not AT ALL loved
by his subjects.
However HARD he tried
to convince them of HIS love for THEM, it was all to no avail. The old man
UTTERLY failed
to realize that people
THOROUGHLY disapproved
of the way he managed the finances of the realm.

Years of excessive spending had left his country
with ABSOLUTELY no money
/
no money AT ALL
. Endless military campaigns had been draining it of
funds BADLY needed elsewhere
.

Was it AT ALL possible
to make the ruler change his policies? It HARDLY
seemed
so. Even though his subjects
BADLY wanted reform
,
he THOROUGHLY disagreed
with even the suggestion of change.

7.21. Role, standard and point of view

Section 224

Task one *

1.
In theory
: point of view; 2.
at dealing with extreme weather conditions
: role; 3.
technically
: point of view; 4.
For a man over sixty
: standard; 5.
at solving problems
: role; 6.
As a football player
: role; 7.
In a political sense
: point of view; 8.
for such a young team
: standard; 9.
on paper
: point of view; 10.
for a beginner
: standard; 11.
as a teacher and trainer
: role; 12.
Objectively … Subjectively
: point of view

Task two **

1.
THEORETICALLY, most of our environmental problems can be solved.

2.
Britain DEALS BADLY with extreme weather conditions.

3.
If you inadvertently wander off the footpath, IN A TECHNICAL SENSE, you are trespassing.

4.
CONSIDERING THAT HE IS a man aged over sixty, running such a distance was quite an achievement.

5.
We have become successful AS PROBLEM-SOLVING EXPERTS.

6.
David Beckham is UNBEATABLE AT FOOTBALL.

7.
POLITICALLY, the uninsured hardly formed a group at all.

8.
The coach said we did well CONSIDERING THAT WE WERE such a young team.

9.
AS THEY ARE FORMULATED, this set of rules looks impressive.

10.
Six out of ten is not too bad CONSIDERING THAT HE IS a beginner.

11.
Ms Carpenter is excellent AT TEACHING AND TRAINING.

12.
FROM AN OBJECTIVE POINT OF VIEW, this war is terrifying. IF WE LOOK AT IT SUBJECTIVELY, it remains strangely uninvolving.

7.22. Sentence adverbials

Sections 461–463

Task one *

1. Oddly (enough); 2. Clearly; 3. Frankly; 4. Hopefully; 5. As an expert; 6. Admittedly; 7. Unfortunately; 8. Honestly; 9. Surprisingly; 10. Characteristically; 11. Undoubtedly; 12. Superficially / On the surface

Task two **

1.
The Prime Minister is suffering from a hernia. AS A RESULT, he will not be able to attend the European summit.

2.
The peace process is in deep trouble. HOWEVER, the various parties involved are prepared to continue their efforts.

3.
Nursery education has been transferred to community colleges. SIMILARLY, teacher training has been shifted to colleges and universities.

4.
We could travel by train. ALTERNATIVELY, we could travel by plane.

5.
I did not feel put off by this unexpected confrontation. ON THE CONTRARY, I was already looking forward to the next challenge.

6.
We are not going to buy a sunbed as it is too expensive. MOREOVER, someone told me UV-radiation can cause skin cancer.

7.
I think we should show some more understanding for Susan’s behaviour. AFTER ALL, she’s been through a lot lately.

8.
Is there a cheaper solution? IN OTHER WORDS, can you make a cheaper device?

9.
Don’t forget to tell the boss. OTHERWISE, you will get into a lot of trouble.

10.
The suspect did not answer any of my questions. INSTEAD, he kept staring into the distance.

UNIT EIGHT

Clause types

8.1. Cause, result, purpose and reason

Sections 198–206; 323; 365; 613–615

Task one **

1.
so I had to get to work by car
: consequence

2.
Because I set off early
: reason

3.
on account of the strike
: reason

4.
that there were long queues of traffic
: result

5.
with the result that nothing was moving
: result

6.
Since I had been stuck for so long
: cause

7.
so I decided to stay in a hotel that night
: consequence

8.
Because so many people had the same idea
: cause

9.
As I still didn’t want to drive home in all the traffic
: reason

10.
so I was woken at five o’clock in the morning when the cleaners came in
: result

Task two ***

1.
The weather was very stormy, so people were advised not to travel.

2.
A full survey of the house wasn’t done, so that many faults were discovered later.

3.
As the Post Office lost over £2m last year, some postal deliveries must be curtailed.

4.
A virus was sent through the e-mail, with the result that whole programs were lost on the computer.

5.
Since public services need more investment, taxes will have to be raised.

6.
Because of a sudden death in the family, his trip to Hungary was cancelled.

7.
Because of his sedentary life, Gabor was very overweight.

8.
His doctor told him to do more exercise (in order) to lose weight.

9.
The ski resorts lost a lot of money last year because there was very little snow.

10.
The trains were running late and consequently the meeting was postponed.

Task three *** (some possible sentences)

–
It is surprising that British people are becoming dangerously overweight because there is so much information about healthy life-styles.

–
Our eating habits need to change, so people should dedicate time to sit down and eat properly.

–
Some experts say there is an epidemic of obesity because we take in more calories than we burn off.

–
People get anxious about work so they eat to cheer themselves up.

–
Since many people try diets but then fall back we also need to do more exercise.

–
Diets often leave us feeling hungry and miserable, consequently it gets harder to shed weight each time we diet.

Task four **

1. as; 2. resulted in; 3. so … that; 4. because; 5. so that; 6. as a result of; 7. (in order) to; 8. seeing that; 9. (so as) to; 10. as a result; 11. for

Task five **

1. reason; 2. result; 3. result; 4. reason; 5. result; 6. result; 7. purpose; 8. reason; 9. purpose; 10. result; 11. reason

8.2. Concession and contrast

Sections 211–212; 361; 462

Task one **

1.
Although it was raining heavily last Sunday, we (still) went out for a walk after lunch.

2.
In spite of the fact that he lost all his money (or: In spite of losing all his money), he maintained an air of calm reassurance.

3.
Much as I admire his paintings, I doubt if he is a major artist.

4.
Whereas film directors in Hollywood have a long training, young British directors can go straight into making major films.

5.
For all the hard work he puts in, he never gets any promotion.

6.
The administration maintains an aggressive stance. Nevertheless there are signs of compromise among some of its members.

7.
Notwithstanding these favourable weather conditions, the rough terrain should persuade them not to make the trip.

8.
Some critics had written some very bad notices. Even so the play was sold out for all performances.

9.
While the evidence points strongly towards a conviction, the defence still believes the woman will be found not guilty.

10.
The ruined abbey is in a very beautiful setting. All the same, I’m not sure I want to see it.

Task two ***

1. although; 2. despite; 3. while; 4. whereas; 5. in spite of; 6. so; 7. though; 8. however; 9. nevertheless; 10. yet

UNIT NINE

Linking

9.1. Linking signals

Sections 351–359; 238; 470–472

Task **

1. well; 2. in other words; 3. by the way; 4. for example; 5. now; 6. well; 7. first; 8. second; 9. third; 10. altogether; 11. that is; 12. for instance; 13. in short; 14. moreover; 15. that is to say; 16. in a word; 17. in fact; 18. incidentally; 19. namely; 20. in fact (or: on the contrary)

9.2. ‘General purpose’ links

Sections 371–374; 110–111; 493–494; 686–694

Task one **

1.
They won’t finish the work today and (consequently) this causes a problem.

2.
I don’t like mobile phones because they have a musical repetitive tone.

3.
He was always late, with the result that he lost his job.

4.
When (or: If) you buy a savings bond, make sure it gives you a good return on your investment.

5.
The books were badly stacked so that they fell across the floor.

6.
They have problems with their neighbours because they are very noisy.

7.
Many people found themselves always playing ‘Solitaire’ on their computer and have therefore had the game removed.

8.
People shouldn’t ski off-piste, as it is dangerous.

9.
The arrangements for the conference angered him because they were very bad.

10.
He fell madly in love with Barbara, and she was directing the play.

Task two **

1.  B (reason); 2. G (purpose); 3. I (reason); 4. E (result); 5. H (condition); 6.  C (negative condition); 7. A (reason); 8. J (cause); 9. D (reason); 10. F (reason)

Task three **

–
Knowing it was time to go, …

–
Not wanting to leave, he …

–
Now empty of all his books and papers, …

–
Just looking round the room, he …

–
Feeling proud, he had determined to …

–
If seen to be a keen and co-operative worker, …

–
Not understanding the corporate culture, …

–
Having grown tired of this, they …

–
Soon failing to get things done on time, he …

–
Knowing there was nothing to do, he …

9.3. Cross-reference to noun phrases and substitutes for a noun phrase

Sections 375–382; 510; 529; 597–601; 619–622; 675–680

Task one **

1. it; 2. him; 3. its; 4. he – his – his; 5. them; 6. their; 7. them; 8. our; 9. this – it; 10. we

Task two **

1. them; 2. those; 3. those; 4. none; 5. himself; 6. one; 7. ones; 8. they; 9. one – another; 10. some – them; 11. one; 12. this; 13. one; 14. one; 15. some – some

9.4. Substitutes for structures containing a verb

Sections 383–385; 479; 482

Task one *

1. do – don’t; 2. did; 3. have/have done/did; 4. o – may; 5. didn’t; 6. will; 7.  have; 8. don’t; 9. was; 10. can

Task two **

1. … if Susan will; 2. … but I don’t think he will; 3. … but he can; 4. Yes, he is; 5. I know I should have; 6. Why should I?; 7. It might be; 8. …, but not the one for those in Singapore; 9. … you should have; 10. I could but I don’t want to.