A World Lit Only by Fire (55 page)
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Authors: William Manchester
——.
Erasmus: A Study of His Life, Ideals and Place in History
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The Making of the Middle Ages
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1953.
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Western Society and the Church in the Middle Ages
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John Hus: A Biography
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Stanley, Henry Edway John of Alderley, Lord, ed.
The First Voyage Around the World by Magellan
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The Three Voyages of Vasco da Gama
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Stephen, Sir Leslie, and Sir Sidney Lee.
The Dictionary of National Biography
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Ulrich von Hutten
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The Catholic Reaction
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The Mediaeval Mind: A History of the Development of Thought and Emotion in the Middle Ages
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Todd, John M.
The Reformation
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Trager, James, ed.
The People’s Chronology
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Trevelyan, George M.
English Social History
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True, G.
Rome et les Borgias
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Tuchman, Barbara W.
The March of Folly: From Troy to Vietnam
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Turner, E. S.
History of Courting
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The Emperor Charles V
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Ullman, Walter.
The Growth of Papal Government in the Middle Ages
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A Short History of the Papacy in the Middle Ages
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The Legendary Character of Kaiser Maximilian
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Ivan the Terrible
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John Calvin
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John Calvin: The Organizer of Reformed Protestantism
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The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
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Wendel, François.
Calvin: The Origin and Development of His Religious Thought
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Williams, G. H.
The Radical Reformation
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Winchester, Simon. “The Strait—and Dire Straits—of Magellan.”
Smithsonian
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Cesare Borgia
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History of Domestic Manners and Sentiments in England During the Middle Ages
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Luther und die Reformation
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Conqueror of the Seas: The Story of Magellan
. Trans. Eden and Cedar Paul. New York, 1938.
A.D | Visigoths sack Rome |
426 | St. Augustine’s |
476 | Fall of Rome, end of Western Roman Empire |
493 | Barbarian Clovis accepts Christ |
539 | Arthur of Britain slain |
800 | Charlemagne crowned in St. Peter’s |
A.D | Leif Erikson reaches America |
1100 | 200 years of crusades begin |
1123 | Future priests must be celibates |
1215 | Medieval papacy reaches culmination 1218–1224 Genghis Khan extends empire in west |
1247 | Robin Hood dies |
1296 | Marco Polo dictates memoirs |
1347 | First Black Death pandemic |
1381 | Oxford expels Wyclif |
A.D | First stirrings of Renaissance |
1414 | Jan Hus betrayed |
1433 | Prince Henry the Navigator flourishes |
1453 | Constantinople falls |
1458 | Gutenberg’s Bible |
1475 | Birth of Cesare, Cardinal Borgia’s son |
1477 | Canterbury Tales |
1478 | Pope Sixtus IV conspires to slay Medicis during High Mass in Florence Cathedral |
1480 | Birth of Lucrezia, Cesare’s sister |
1486 | Dias rounds the tip of Africa |
1484 | Pied Piper murders 130 German children |
1485 | Le morte d’Arthur |
1487 | Torquemada named Grand Inquisitor Star Chamber in England |
1488 | King James III of Scotland murdered |
1490 | Savonarola’s first Bonfire of the Vanities |
1492 | Cardinal Borgia buys the papacy, becomes Pope Alexander VI Columbus discovers the Bahamas |
1495 | Vatican revels with naked prostitutes |
First syphilis outbreak ravages Naples | |
1497? Amerigo Vespucci in the New World | |
1497 | Lucrezia Borgia’s triple incest |
The pope’s eldest son, Juan, is murdered | |
1498 | Manutius’s five-volume Aristotle published |
Rise of humanism | |
Savonarola burned at the stake | |
Lucrezia gives birth to the |
A.D | Michelangelo: |
1501 | Over 1,000 printing shops now in Europe |
Pope acknowledges paternity of his daughter’s child | |
1502 | All books challenging papal authority ordered burned |
1503 | Julius II: the Warrior Pope |
New universities include Wittenberg and Frankfurt an der Oder | |
Leonardo da Vinci: | |
1505 | Death of Russia’s Ivan the Great |
1506 | First stone of St. Peter’s Basilica laid |
1507 | Violent death of Cesare Borgia |
Waldseemüller christens “America” | |
Martin Luther ordained a Catholic priest | |
1508 | First English translation of Thomas à Kempis’s |
1509 | Aged 18, Henry VIII becomes England’s king |
Humanist Erasmus: | |
His books encourage critics of Rome | |
Beginnings of slave trade in America | |
Judenspiegel | |
1510 | Da Vinci discovers principle of water turbine |
Two speakers of the House of Commons beheaded | |
Da Vinci’s | |
1512 | Michelangelo completes Sistine Chapel ceiling |
1513 | Balboa sights the Pacific |
Ponce de Leon reaches Florida | |
Machiavelli’s | |
1514 | Copernicus postulates the solar system in |
Heroides Christianae | |
1515 | Raphael named chief architect of St. Peter’s |
England’s Thomas Wolsey made cardinal and lord chancellor | |
1516 | More’s |
Birth of the future Bloody Mary | |
Raphael: | |
1517 | Wolsey hangs 60 May Day rioters |
Strangling of Cardinal Petrucci | |
Turks sack Cairo | |
Pope Leo X’s jubilee sale of indulgences | |
Martin Luther brands Tetzel a fraud | |
Luther posts Ninety-five Theses on church door | |
1518 | He defies Cardinal Cajetan |
Titian: | |
1519 | Luther vs. Eck |
Erasmus refuses to support Luther | |
Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian dies | |
Spain’s King Carlos becomes Emperor Charles V | |
Magellan leaves to sail around the world | |
1520 | San Julián mutiny against Magellan |
He finds and negotiates Strait of Magellan | |
Rome hurls | |
He publishes | |
The pope excommunicates him | |
Aleandro’s witchhunt of Erasmus begins | |
Henry VIII and France’s Francis I meet on Field of the Cloth of Gold | |
Erasmus is Europe’s most popular author | |
German gunsmith invents the rifle | |
Scipione del Ferro solves cubic equation | |
1521 | Diet of Worms; Luther becomes a fugitive |
Germany rises in support of him | |
Magellan crosses the Pacific | |
He dies in Philippines | |
1522 | The voyage of circumnavigation ends, vindicating Copernicus |
Protestantism sweeps northern Europe | |
Archbishop slays Von Sickingen in battle | |
1524 | Peasants’ revolt in Germany |
1525 | Tyndale’s translation of New Testament |
Jakob Fugger II dies worth 6 million guilders | |
1527 | Second sack of Rome; end of Renaissance |
1528 | Plague sweeps England |
1529 | Fall of Wolsey; More made lord chancellor |
1533 | Henry VIII divorces Catherine, marries pregnant Anne Boleyn; she gives birth to the future Elizabeth I |
1534 | Rabelais: |
Defiant Luther translates Bible into German | |
1535 | Sir Thomas More beheaded for treason |
1536 | Pietro Aretino’s pornographic |
Queen Anne Boleyn found guilty of adultery and incest and beheaded | |
Tyndale burned at the stake | |
Death of Erasmus; his books banned | |
Calvin: |