A World on Fire: Britain's Crucial Role in the American Civil War (165 page)

52.
MHS, Adams MSS, Diary of Charles Francis Adams, July 17, 1862.

53.
Jones,
Union in Peril
, p. 133.

54.
Jenkins,
Britain and the War for the Union
, vol. 2, p. 100.

55.
Ford (ed.),
A Cycle of Adams Letters
, vol. 1, p. 167, Henry Adams to Charles Francis Adams, Jr., July 19, 1862.

56.
OR, ser. 4, vol. 2, pp. 23–25, Edwin De Leon to Judah P. Benjamin, July 30, 1862.

57.
Wallace and Gillespie (eds.),
The Journal of Benjamin Moran
, vol. 2, p. 1044, July 19, 1862.

58.
Confederate propaganda had been so successful that the great humanitarian and social reformer Lord Shaftesbury was firmly pro-South on
moral grounds
. He told John Slidell that he “viewed it as a struggle, on the one hand, for independence and self-government, on the other, for empire, political power, and material interests.” ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, pp. 546–48, Slidell to Benjamin, September 29, 1862. Edwin De Leon claimed, “With the tide of public opinion running so strong in England that even Lord Shaftesbury and Exeter Hall now abandon their Yankee sympathies as untrue.…” OR, ser. 4, vol. 2, S. 128, De Leon to Benjamin, September 30, 1862.

59.
MPUS
, p. 160, Adams to Seward, July 17, 1862.

60.
Quoted in Crook,
The North, the South, and the Powers
, p. 219.

61.
The reality of the situation, however, was much more complicated than Moran or Dudley allowed. The U.S. consul in Dundee was probably closer to the mark when he wrote that it was more of a matter of who got to whom first. “I have reason to believe,” he told Seward on June 17, “that there are officials in HM govt that could be very easily induced to take service in the ranks of the U States or the so-called Confederate States quite indifferently.” NARA, M.T-200, roll 3, vol. 3, U.S. Consuls in Dundee, Consul J. B. Holderby to Seward, June 17, 1862.

62.
On May 1, 1862, Lord Russell told Lord Lyons that “separation would be best for the North as well as for the South … for the future welfare of the free, and for the future emancipation of the slave.” PRO FO/5/189.

63.
Philip Guedalla,
Gladstone and Palmerston, Being the Correspondence of Lord Palmerston and Mr. Gladstone, 1851–1865
(London, 1928), pp. 230–31.

64.
ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, pp. 505–58, Hotze to Benjamin, August 6, 1862.

65.
George Douglas, Eighth Duke of Argyll (1823–1900): Autobiography and Memoirs
, ed. the Dowager Duchess of Argyll, 2 vols. (London, 1906), vol. 2, p. 193, Argyll to Gladstone, September 2, 1862.

66.
David F. Krein,
The Last Palmerston Government
(Ames, Iowa, 1978), p. 65.

67.
Jenkins,
Britain and the War for the Union
, vol. 2, p. 112.

68.
Krein,
The Last Palmerston Government
, p. 66.

69.
New York Times
, August 13, 1862.

70.
T. C. Pease and J. Randall (eds.),
The Diary of Orville H. Browning, 1850–1881
(Springfield, Ill., 1925–31), p. 562, July 24, 1862.

71.
Charles P. Cullop, “An Unequal Duel: Union Recruiting in Ireland, 1863–1864,”
Civil War History
, 13 (1967), p. 104.

72.
Adams,
Great Britain and the American Civil War
, vol. 2, p. 34, fn.

73.
Letters of Lord St. Maur and Lord Edward St. Maur
, p. 250, n.d.

74.
David H. Donald,
Lincoln
(New York, 1995), p. 366.

75.
“The Journal of Robert Neve,” private collection, p. 53.

76.
Robert L. Kincaid,
The Wilderness Road
(Middlesboro, Ky., 1966), p. 246.

77.
Brian Holden Reid,
Robert E. Lee
(London, 2005), p. 106.

78.
John B. Jones,
A Rebel War Clerk’s Diary at the Confederate States Capital
, ed. Earl Schenck Miers (Urbana, Ill., 1958), pp. 95–96, 27, August 28, 1862.

79.
Ford (ed.),
A Cycle of Adams Letters,
vol. 1, p. 177, Charles Francis Adams, Jr., to Adams, August 27, 1862.

80.
Edward G. Longacre,
Jersey Cavaliers
(Hightstown, N.J., 1992), p. 100.

81.
Captain W. D. L’Estrange,
Under Fourteen Flags: The Remarkable True Story of a Victorian Soldier of Fortune
(Newton Stewart, Wigtownshire, 1999), p. 80.

82.
George Templeton Strong,
Diary of the Civil War, 1860–1865
, ed. Allan Nevins (New York, 1962), p. 252, September 4, 1862.

Chapter 13: Is Blood Thicker Than Water?

 
1.
Henry Adams,
The Education of Henry Adams
, ed. Ernest Samuels (repr. Boston, 1975), p. 128.

 
2.
Sarah Agnes Wallace and Frances Elma Gillespie (eds.),
The Journal of Benjamin Moran, 1857–1865
, 2 vols. (Chicago, 1948, 1949), vol. 2, p. 1068, September 9, 1862.

 
3.
Ibid., p. 1058, August 22, 1862.

 
4.
Adams,
The Education of Henry Adams
, p. 129.

 
5.
On September 2, the British ambassador in Paris, Lord Cowley, had heard that opinion in the cabinet was tilting “in favor of mediation in America,” and that if the emperor were to announce publicly what he was saying in private to the Confederates, England would probably go along with him. David F. Krein,
The Last Palmerston Government
(Ames, Iowa, 1978), p. 66.

 
6.
MPUS
, p. 184, Charles Francis Adams to William Henry Seward, September 4, 1862.

 
7.
ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 524, Ambrose Dudley Mann to Judah P. Benjamin, September 5, 1862.

 
8.
Sir Spencer Walpole,
Life of Lord John Russell
, 2 vols. (New York, 1968), vol. 2, p. 349, Russell to Palmerston, September 17, 1862.

 
9.
ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, pp. 535–36, Hotze to Benjamin, September 26, 1862.

10.
Ibid., pp. 546–48, Slidell to Benjamin, September 29, 1862.

11.
The Confederates in Europe were helped by recent reports in the European press that showed Lincoln in a poor light as far as abolition was concerned. One referred to Lincoln’s meeting on August 14 with a delegation of freedmen. The president had been frank about his fears for them, saying it would be best for everyone if the black population emigrated somewhere else, perhaps Central America. David H. Donald points out that, despite the message, the fact of the meeting was momentous—African Americans had always been barred from the White House. Donald,
Lincoln
(New York, 1995), p. 368.

12.
In London, William Gregory naively asked the Southern commissioners whether the Confederacy could not devise an education program for the slaves so that they might eventually earn enough money to buy their own freedom. He was offered many reasons why this was absolutely impossible. Brian Jenkins,
Sir William Gregory of Coole: A Biography
(Gerrards Cross, 1986), p. 154. The American consul in Bristol reported that Yancey had been flagrant in his promises, telling one author of a pro-Confederate article that Richmond had given him “full powers to pledge gradual emancipation to the governments of Europe on condition of their guaranteeing the independence of the Confederate States.” NARA, M. T-185, roll 7, vol. 7, Zebina Eastman to William Henry Seward, October 20, 1862.

13.
University of Southampton, Hartley Library, Palmerston MSS, GC/AR/25/1, Argyll to Palmerston, September 2, 1862.

14.
PRO 30/22/14D, Palmerston to Russell, September 22, 1862.

15.
Philip Guedalla (ed.),
Gladstone and Palmerston, Being the Correspondence of Lord Palmerston and Mr. Gladstone, 1851–1865
(London, 1928), p. 232, Palmerston to Gladstone, September 24, 1862.

16.
Thomas Nelson Page,
Lee, Man and Soldier
(New York, 1911), p. 219, Lee to Davis, September 8, 1862.

17.
William Mark McKnight,
Blue Bonnets o’er the Border: The 79th New York Cameron Highlanders
(Shippensburg, Pa., 1998), p. 72.

18.
Shelby Foote,
The Civil War
, 3 vols. (New York, 1986), vol. 1, pp. 664–65.

19.
Wilbur D. Jones,
Giants in the Cornfield
(Shippensburg, Pa., 1997), p. 292.

20.
Russell Weigley,
A Great Civil War
(Bloomington, Ind., 2000), p. 148.

21.
OR, ser. 1, vol. 19/2, p. 218, McClellan to President, September 13, 1861.

22.
Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence Clough Buel (eds.),
Battles and Leaders of the Civil War
, 4 vols. (Secaucus, N.J., 1985), vol. 2, p. 660.

23.
Ibid., pp. 660–61.

24.
Captain W. D. L’Estrange,
Under Fourteen Flags, Being the Life and Adventures of Brigadier-General MacIver
(Newton Stewart, Wigtonshire, 1999), p. 83.

25.
Charles Augustus Fuller,
Personal Recollections of the War
(Fairford, repr. 2010), p. 40.

26.
James M. McPherson,
Crossroads of Freedom: Antietam
(Oxford, 2004), p. 127.

27.
David L. Thompson, “With Burnside at Antietam,” in Johnson and Buel (eds.),
Battles and Leaders of the Civil War
, vol. 2, p. 556.

28.
Matthew J. Graham,
The Ninth Regiment New York Volunteers
(Lancaster, Ohio, 1997), p. 303.

29.
James M. McPherson (ed.),
Battle Chronicles of the Civil War
, 6 vols. (Lakeville, Conn., 1989), vol. 2, p. 252.

30.
New-York Historical Society,
Narrative of Ebenezer Wells
(
c
. 1881).