A World on Fire: Britain's Crucial Role in the American Civil War (167 page)

19.
Henry Adams,
The Education of Henry Adams
, ed. Ernest Samuels (repr. Boston, 1973), pp. 183–84.

20.
Adams,
Great Britain and the American Civil War
, vol. 2, p. 54, Clarendon to Russell, October 19, 1862.

21.
ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, pp. 560–61, Slidell to Benjamin, October 20, 1862.

22.
Virginia Mason,
The Public Life and Diplomatic Correspondence of James M. Mason
(New York, 1906), pp. 371–72, Mason to wife, January 18, 1862.

23.
ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, pp. 565–67, Hotze to Benjamin, October 24, 1862.

24.
Adams,
Great Britain and the American Civil War
, vol. 2, p. 56. In his memorandum, written on October 25, 1862, Gladstone insisted, somewhat improbably, that the Americans would not be able to resist “a general opinion on the part of civilized Europe that this horrible war ought to cease.”

25.
MHS, Adams MSS, Diary of Charles Francis Adams, October 23, 1862.

26.
Adams,
Great Britain and the American Civil War
, vol. 2, p. 56, Russell to Palmerston, October 24, 1862.

27.
West Sussex RO, Lyons MSS, box 300, Lord Lyons to sister, October 24, 1862.

28.
ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, pp. 542–78, Slidell to Benjamin, October 28, 1862.

29.
G. P. Gooch (ed.),
The Later Correspondence of Lord John Russell, 1840–1878
, 2 vols. (London, 1925), vol. 2, p. 331, Russell to Grey, October 28, 1862.

30.
Sir Herbert Maxwell,
Clarendon
, 2 vols. (London, 1913), vol. 2, p. 265, Clarendon to Lewis, October 25, 1862.

31.
PRO 30/22/36, ff. 281–89, Lyons to Russell, November 11, 1862.

32.
Jones,
Union in Peril
, p. 203.

33.
Gooch (ed.),
The Later Correspondence of Lord John Russell
, vol. 2, p. 333, Palmerston to Russell, November 2, 1862.

34.
ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 603, Hotze to Benjamin, November 7, 1862.

35.
Deborah Logan (ed.),
The Collected Letters of Harriet Martineau
, 5 vols. (London, 2007), vol. 4, p. 365, September 17, 1862.

36.
Wallace and Gillespie (eds.),
The Journal of Benjamin Moran
, vol. 2, p. 1088, November 11, 1862.

37.
Sir Herbert Maxwell,
Clarendon
, vol. 2, p. 268, Lewis to Clarendon, November 11, 1862.

38.
Howard Jones,
Union in Peril
, p. 217.

39.
Morely,
The Life of William Ewart Gladstone,
vol. 2, p. 85, Gladstone to wife, November 13, 1862.

40.
ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, pp. 610–12, Hotze to Benjamin, November 22, 1862.

41.
Quoted in Jones,
Union in Peril
, p. 223.

42.
For example, Keele University, Sneyd MS, S[rs/hwv]/274, Henry William Vincent to Ralph Sneyd, November 17, 1862,.

43.
ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 618, Mason to Benjamin, December 11, 1862.

PART II: FIRE ALL AROUND THEM

Chapter 15: Bloodbath at Fredericksburg

 
1.
Sarah Agnes Wallace and Frances Elma Gillespie (eds.),
The Journal of Benjamin Moran
, 2 vols. (Chicago, 1948, 1949), vol. 2, p. 1092, November 19, 1862.

 
2.
The Reminiscences of Carl Schurz
, ed. Carl Schurz, Frederick Bancroft, and William Archibald Dunning, 3 vols. (Garden City, N.Y., 1917), vol. 2, p. 246.

 
3.
Duke University, Malet family MSS, Kennedy to Malet, September 15, 1862.

 
4.
Calvin D. Davis, “A British Diplomat and the American Civil War: Edward Malet in the United States,”
South Atlantic Quarterly
, 77/2 (1978), pp. 160–61. In his memoir, Malet wrote that he always regretted obtaining his first post through his father’s influence. “For many years it did me harm,” he wrote. “The grade above mine was that of paid attaché, and ten of my juniors were passed to that rank over my head on the ground that I had been appointed when I ought to have been still in the schoolroom.” E. Malet,
Shifting Scenes
(London, 1901), p. 18.

 
5.
Davis, “A British Diplomat and the American Civil War,” p. 171.

 
6.
Duke University, Malet family MSS, Malet to Lady Malet, February 10, 1862.

 
7.
Ibid., Malet to Lady Malet, December 2, 1862.

 
8.
The Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan: Selected Correspondence, 1860–1865
, ed. Stephen W. Sears (Cambridge, Mass., 1992), p. 517, McClellan to Lincoln, November 2, 1862.

 
9.
Richard Wheeler,
Voices of the Civil War
(New York, 1990), p. 203.

10.
The 12,000-strong corps was principally made up of German immigrants, and most of its commanders were foreign-born. A hero to many German Americans on account of his military leadership of the Baden revolutionaries in the 1848 revolution against Prussia, Sigel seemed to attract bad luck in the Civil War. At the Second Battle of Bull Run in August, his soldiers were mangled by the Confederates, resulting in the loss of 2,000 men. Since then, the
XI
corps had been designated the Reserve Grand Division. Some of the German volunteers’ English did not run much further than the corps’ slogan: “I fights mit Sigel.”

11.
NARA, CB MID64, roll 66, Sir Percy Wyndham to General Heintzelman, December 3, 1862.

12.
BL Add. MS 41567, f. 240, Herbert to mother, January 3, 1863.

13.
Hugh Dubrulle, “Fear of Americanization and the Emergence of an Anglo-Saxon Confederacy,”
Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies
, 33/4 (Winter 2001), pp. 583–613, at p. 604, Lieutenant Colonel Henry Malet to Layard, December 27, 1862, BL Add. MS 39104, Layard Papers.

14.
BL Add. MS 41567, ff. 236–37, Herbert to brother Jack, November 26, 1862.

15.
Ibid.

16.
BL Add. MS 41567, ff. 238–39, Herbert to brother Jack, December 16, 1862.

17.
William Mark McNight,
Blue Bonnets o’er the Border: The 79th New York Cameron Highlanders
(Shippensburg, Pa., 1998), p. 83.

18.
Francis W. Dawson,
Reminiscences of Confederate Service, 1861–1865
, ed. Bell I. Wiley (Baton Rouge, La., 1980), p. 83.

19.
Shelby Foote,
The Civil War
, 3 vols. (New York, 1986), vol. 2, p. 22.

20.
Wheeler,
Voices of the Civil War
, p. 206.

21.
Heros von Borcke, “Memoirs of the Confederate War for Independence,”
Blackwood’s Magazine
, 99 (Jan.–June 1866), p. 193.

22.
After Wynne and Phillips came Colonel Bramston, followed by Captain Bushby, who “had just run the blockade into Charleston, after an exciting chase by the Federal cruisers, and could only spare a few days to look at our army.…” Bushby presented General Lee with a saddle and Stonewall Jackson with a breech-loading carbine. Borcke, “Memoirs,” p. 463.

23.
Ibid, p. 194.

24.
Mary Sophia Hill,
A British Subject’s Recollections of the Confederacy
(Baltimore, 1875), p. 31.

25.
Foote,
The Civil War
, vol. 2, p. 26.

26.
Borcke, “Memoirs,” p. 196.

27.
Nearly three decades later, a young British military historian and disciple of Viscount Wolseley summarized Burnside’s mistakes: “Firstly, he underrated his antagonist; secondly, he neglected to reconnoiter as far as was within his power; thirdly, in preference to a line of operations which was feasible and safe, he selected one which … might possibly lead to terrible disaster.” G.F.R. Henderson,
The Campaign of Fredericksburg
(London, 1886, privately repr. 1984), p. 36.

28.
Mr. Goolrick, the British vice-consul (who was actually an American citizen), was also among the captives. He had long been an embarrassment to Lord Lyons, providing ample fodder to Northern newspapers who claimed that every British official was rabidly pro-South. Lyons took advantage of his arrest to close the vice-consulate permanently.

29.
William Stanley Hoole,
Lawley Covers the Confederacy
(Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1964), p. 39.

30.
Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence Clough Buel (eds.),
Battles and Leaders of the Civil War
, 4 vols. (Secaucus, N.J., 1985), vol. 3, p. 116.

31.
Ibid., p. 127.

32.
New-York Historical Society,
Narrative of Ebenezer Wells
(
c
. 1881), December 11, 1862.

33.
Henderson,
The Campaign of Fredericksburg
, p. 73.

34.
Illustrated London News
, January 31, 1863.

35.
Brian Holden Reid,
Robert E. Lee
(London, 2005), p. 144.

36.
Chicago Historical Society, George W. Hart MSS, George Hart to mother, January 12, 1863.

37.
Hoole,
Lawley
, p. 40.

38.
Johnson and Buel (eds.),
Battles and Leaders of the Civil War
, vol. 3, p. 116.

39.
James A. Rawley (ed.),
The American Civil War: An English View
(Mechanicsburg, Pa., 2002), p. 158.

40.
Hill,
A British Subject’s Recollections of the Confederacy
, p. 30.

41.
von Borcke, “Memoirs,” p. 451. The quotation in the footnote on this page is from Stuart to G.W.C. Lee, December 18, 1862, quoted in
The Letters of General J.E.B. Stuart
, ed. Adele H. Mitchell (n.p.: Stuart-Mosby Historical Society, 1990), pp. 284–85.