A World on Fire: Britain's Crucial Role in the American Civil War (168 page)

42.
The Times
, January 23, 1863.

43.
R. A. Preston, “Letter from a British Military Observer of the American Civil War,”
Military Affairs
, 16 (1952), p. 55.

44.
Quoted in Margaret Leach,
Reveille in Washington
(Alexandria, Va., 1962; repr. 1980), p. 276.

45.
In contrast to the British Army, assistant surgeons in the Northern army were ranked as lieutenants and generally afforded much greater respect. “The social position of the medical, as compared with the combatant officers, is decidedly good, much better than in our own army,” Mayo explained to British readers in an essay about his experiences. It did not provoke comment that “any person with decent prospects of success in civil practice should ever think of entering it.” Francis Galton (ed.),
Vacation Tourists, 1862–1863
(London, 1864), p. 376.

46.
Ibid., p. 384.

47.
Duke University, Malet family MSS, Malet to father, December 16, 1862.

48.
Michael Burlingame,
Abraham Lincoln
, 2 vols. (Baltimore, 2008), vol. 2, p. 446.

49.
George Templeton Strong,
Diary of the Civil War, 1860–1865
, ed. Allan Nevins (New York, 1962), p. 282, December 18, 1862.

50.
Ibid., p. 282, December 21, 1862.

51.
William H. Seward (ed.),
Seward at Washington
(New York, 1891), p. 487, Seward to wife, December 28, 1860.

52.
Diary of Gideon Welles
, 3 vols. (Boston, 1911), vol. 1, p. 133, September 16, 1862.

53.
MPUS
, p. 160, Adams to Seward, July 31, 1862.

54.
MHS, Adams MSS, Diary of Charles Francis Adams, December 22, 1862.

55.
PRO 30/22/36, ff. 320–23, Lyons to Russell, December 12, 1862.

56.
PRFA
(1862), p. 124, Seward to Adams, July 5, 1862.

57.
Frederick J. Blue,
Salmon P. Chase: A Life in Politics
(Kent, Ohio, 1987), p. 191.

58.
John M. Taylor,
William Henry Seward: Lincoln’s Right Hand
(New York, 1991), p. 208.

59.
David H. Donald,
Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man
(New York, 1970), p. 90.

60.
Burlingame,
Abraham Lincoln
, vol. 2., p. 453.

61.
PRO 30/22/36, ff. 327–30, Lyons to Russell, December 22, 1862.

62.
James J. Barnes and Patience P. Barnes (eds.),
The American Civil War Through British Eyes
, vol. 2 (Kent, Ohio, 2005), p. 282, Lyons to Russell, December 26, 1862.

63.
Rebellion Record: A Diary of American Events
, ed. Frank Moore, 12 vols. (New York, 1863), vol. 6, p. 299.

64.
Devonshire MSS, Chatsworth, 2nd series (340.1831), Lord Hartington to Duke of Devonshire, December 18, 1862.

65.
Ibid., Lord Hartington to Duke of Devonshire, December 25, 1862.

66.
Ibid., Lord Hartington to Duke of Devonshire, September 29, 1862.

67.
Ibid., Lord Hartington to Duke of Devonshire, October 17, 1862.

68.
Ibid., Lord Hartington to Duke of Devonshire, December 28, 1862.

69.
William Watson was in Baton Rouge, where slaves vastly outnumbered the white population. He watched his friends confront the possibility by speaking directly to their slaves. There seemed to be little desire to leave. “If we run away, and go to New Orleans, like dem crazy niggers, where is we?” asked one slave wisely. “If so be we are to get free, we get it anyhow.” William Watson,
Life in the Confederacy: Being the Observations and Experiences of an Alien in the South During the Civil War
(London, 1887; repr. Baton Rouge, La., 1995), p. 430.

70.
Borcke, “Memoirs,” p. 458.

71.
Devonshire MSS, Chatsworth, 2nd series (340.1831), Lord Hartington to Duke of Devonshire, December 28, 1862.

Chapter 16: The Missing Key to Victory

 
1.
Charles Herbert Mayo,
Genealogical History of the Mayo and Elton Family
(privately printed, 1882), p. 230.

 
2.
Doris Kearns Goodwin,
Team of Rivals
(New York, 2005), p. 498.

 
3.
James McPherson,
Tried by War
(New York, 2009), p. 149.

 
4.
Winston Groom,
Vicksburg, 1863
(New York, 2009), p. 132. It is important to note, however, that James McPherson does not believe that Lincoln ever said those words; he concludes that the conversation was fabricated by Admiral David Dixon Porter. Even so, Lincoln himself would have agreed with them. McPherson,
This Mighty Scourge: Perspectives on the Civil War
(Oxford, 2007), p. 131.

 
5.
Memoirs of General William T. Sherman
(New York, 1876), p. 291.

 
6.
Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence Clough Buel (eds.),
Battles and Leaders of the Civil War,
4 vols. (Secaucus, N.J., 1985), vol. 3, p. 467.

 
7.
Ibid., p. 468.

 
8.
Sherman wrote in his memoirs: “One brigade (De Courcey’s) of Morgan’s troops crossed the bayou safely, but took to cover behind the bank, and could not be moved forward. Frank Blair’s brigade, of Steele’s division, in support, also crossed the bayou, passed over the space of level ground to the foot of the hills: but, being unsupported by Morgan, meeting a very severe cross-fire of artillery, was staggered and gradually fell back.… I have always felt that it was due to the failure of General G. W. Morgan to obey his orders, or to fulfill his promise made in person. Had he used with skill and boldness one of his brigades, in addition to that of Blair’s, he could have made a lodgment on the bluff, which would have opened the door for our whole force to follow.”
Memoirs
, pp. 291–92.

 
9.
He continued: “After capture, which was near night, we were marched through a drenching rain to Vicksburg, a distance of eleven miles, hungry and without blankets and were corralled in an old foundry where we laid on the cold wet ground for rest.” Personal Papers of Major Milton Mills—16
^th
OVI, letter from Benjamin Heckert, description of Battle of Chickasaw Bayou, December 21, 1904, doc. B028–01:
http://www.mkwe.com/ohio/pages/B028-01.htm
.

10.
OR, ser. 1, vol, 17/1, p. 650, December 29, 1862.

11.
Owen Johnson Hopkins,
Under the Flag of the Nation: Diaries and Letters of a Yankee Volunteer
(Columbus, Ohio, 1961), p. 46. See also the diary of Sergeant Asa E. Sample of 54th Indiana Infantry, who recorded his part in the Chickasaw assault: “About this time the rebel batteries opened with canister shot and shell, replied to by our cannon in the rear. The ground before us was completely obstructed by fallen timber for near forty rods (660 feet). Over this we had to pass. Just now General DeCourcey gave the command ‘advance the 54th and 22nd Kentucky about 50 yards!!’ The fallen trees completely mingled the companies of both regiments but onward we went, whiz, boom, boom, went the shells above us, now lying down to evade that bursting burst, now advancing and many falling.”
http://www.hoosiersoldiers.com/54THINDIANA/
1YEAR/DIARIES/SAMPLE/DIARY-DECEMBER-1862.htm

12.
Allan Nevins,
The War for the Union
, 4 vols.; vol. 2:
War Becomes Revolution, 1862–1863
(New York, 1960), p. 386.

13.
OR, ser. 1, vol. 17/1, S. 24, pp. 721–24, no. 4, Report by Brigadier General George Morgan, 13th Army Corps.

14.
Ibid.

15.
William L. Shea and Terrence J. Winschel,
Vicksburg Is the Key
(Lincoln, Nebr., 2003), p. 60.

16.
Stanley Hirshson,
The White Tecumseh
(New York, 1997), p. 145.

17.
John Y. Simon (ed.),
The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant
, 24 vols. (Carbondale, Ill., 2000), vol. 7, pp. 50–55. After the war, Grant denied that he was anti-Semitic and, to make amends, attended the dedication of the Adas Israel Congregation in Washington, D.C.

18.
William Stanley Hoole,
Lawley Covers the Confederacy
(Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1964), p. 44.

19.
OR, ser. 1, vol. 5, S. 5, p. 504. On February 8, General Smith ended his report on a skirmish around Fairfax Court House by saying, “Captain Currie, as usual, was everywhere to direct and make successful the expedition.”

20.
New York State Library, Edwin Morgan MSS, box 19, f. 11, Currie to Governor Morgan, March 2, 1863.

21.
William Watson,
Life in the Confederacy: Being the Observations and Experiences of an Alien in the South During the Civil War
(London, 1887; repr. Baton Rouge, La., 1995), p. 440.

22.
Bruce Catton,
Never Call Retreat
(London, 2001), p. 74.

23.
New York State Library, Edwin Morgan MSS, box 19, f. 11, Currie to Governor Morgan, March 2, 1863.

24.
OR, ser. 1, vol. 15, S. 21, p. 250, Telegram from L.D.H. Currie, February 26, 1863.

25.
Once Banks had filled all the outposts and boosted the garrisons, his effective fighting force was less than half his 32,000-man army. At first he thought that a run up the Mississippi River was still possible with just 12,000 men. Catton,
Never Call Retreat
, p. 76.

26.
Mary Sophia Hill,
A British Subject’s Recollections of the Confederacy
(Baltimore, 1875), p. 28.

27.
Ibid.

28.
Raphael Semmes,
Service Afloat: A Personal Memoir of My Cruises and Services
(1868, repr. Baltimore, 1987), p. 402.

29.
Charles Grayson Summersell,
CSS Alabama
(Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1985), p. 13.

30.
Semmes,
Service Afloat
, p. 405.