A World on Fire: Britain's Crucial Role in the American Civil War (172 page)

34.
PRO FOI 15/394, f. 100, Miss Hodges to Lord Lyons, June 8, 1863. Many years later, Hoskins’s family erected a gravestone on his burial plot.

35.
West Sussex RO, Lyons MSS, box 301, Lyons to sister, June 16, 1863.

Chapter 22: Crossroads at Gettysburg

 
1.
Devonshire MSS, Chatsworth, 2nd series (340.195), Lawley to Hartington, June 14, 1863.

 
2.
Arthur J. L. Fremantle,
Three Months in the Southern States
(Lincoln, Nebr., 1991), p. 220. The quotation in the first footnote on this page is from p. 191.

 
3.
Ibid., p. 208.

 
4.
Ibid., p. 211.

 
5.
According to William Torens, Davies was sent to the 7th Tennessee Infantry first, from August 1863 to November 1864, and then became a lieutenant and AAIG to Heth on November 30, 1864.

 
6.
Fremantle,
Three Months in the Southern States
, p. 211.

 
7.
Justus Scheibert wrote eloquently about such damaged terrain: “Only grunting swine wandered around on level ground, often rooting at the shallow graves and gnawing on bodies which stared with distorted horrible expressions at persons who rode by.” Justus Scheibert,
Seven Months in the Rebel States During the North American War, 1863
, trans. Joseph C. Hayes, ed. William Stanley Hoole (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 2009), p. 33.

 
8.
W. C. Ford (ed.),
A Cycle of Adams Letters, 1861–1865
, 2 vols. (Boston, 1920), vol. 2, pp. 36–37, Charles Francis Adams, Jr., to Henry Adams, June 19, 1863.

 
9.
Emory M. Thomas,
Bold Dragoon: The Life of J.E.B. Stuart
(Norman, Okla., 1999), p. 241.

10.
Francis W. Dawson,
Reminiscences of Confederate Service, 1861–1865
, ed. Bell I. Wiley (Baton Rouge, La., 1980), p. 91.

11.
Morris to Lawley, June 25, 1863, quoted in Brian Jenkins, “Frank Lawley and the Confederacy,”
Civil War History
, 23 (March 1997).

12.
Fremantle,
Three Months in the Southern States
, p. 177.

13.
Fitzgerald Ross,
Cities and Camps of the Confederate States
, ed. Richard Barksdale Harwell (Champaign, Ill., 1997), p. 42.

14.
Historians have since exonerated Ewell. He had less than an hour to get his troops into line and charge the ridge before Federal defenders received thousands of reinforcements. James M. McPherson (ed.),
Battle Chronicles of the Civil War
, 6 vols. (Lakeville, Conn., 1989), vol. 3, p. 69. But when Francis Lawley wrote his report of the day’s fighting he repeated without examination the accusation that Ewell had lost the battle through his bungling.

15.
Ross,
Cities and Camps
, p. 48.

16.
Joseph E. Persico,
My Enemy, My Brother: Men and Days of Gettysburg
(New York, 1988), p. 135.

17.
The Times
, August 18, 1863.

18.
Fremantle,
Three Months in the Southern States
, p. 260.

19.
The Times
, August 18, 1863.

20.
Susannah Ural Bruce,
The Harp and the Eagle
(New York, 2006), p. 163.

21.
Jeffry D. Wert,
The Sword of Lincoln
(New York, 2006), p. 294.

22.
“Rebel Without a Cause—From Shakespeare Country,”
Crossfire: The Magazine of the American Civil War Round Table
, 48 (April 1993).

23.
Dawson,
Reminiscences
, p. 95.

24.
Fremantle,
Three Months in the Southern States
, p. 190.

25.
Dawson,
Reminiscences
, p. 96.

26.
Charles Francis Adams, Jr.,
Charles Francis Adams, 1835–1915: An Autobiography with a Memorial Address
(New York, 1916), p. 151.

27.
Somewhere in the stream was Lieutenant Colonel George T. Gordon of the 34th North Carolina Infantry. He had arrived in the South six months earlier, a fugitive from British and Canadian justice. An accomplished fraud, he tricked the authorities into awarding him the rank of major. To his surprise, the war exposed a hitherto completely hidden layer of decency. Promotions followed and by Gettysburg he was a brigade commander. After the war, however, he returned to his old ways.

28.
Fremantle,
Three Months in the Southern States
, p. 267.

29.
Dawson,
Reminiscences
, p. 96.

30.
Edward Porter Alexander,
Fighting for the Confederacy: The Personal Recollections of General Edward Porter Alexander
, ed. Gary Gallagher (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1989), p. 266.

31.
Adams,
Charles Francis Adams, 1835–1915: An Autobiography
, p. 151.

32.
John B. Jones,
A Rebel War Clerk’s Diary at the Confederate States Capital
, ed. Earl Schenck Miers (Urbana, Ill., 1958), p. 286.

33.
Alexander,
Fighting for the Confederacy
, p. 268.

34.
Fremantle,
Three Months in the Southern States
, p. 274.

35.
James Longstreet,
From Manassas to Appomattox
(New York, 2004), p. 361. Longstreet added: “It is simply out of the question for a lesser force to march over broad, open fields and carry a fortified front occupied by a great force of seasoned troops.” Longstreet was stung by the criticisms of his own actions at Gettysburg and energetically defended himself against charges that ranged from treason to arrogance.

36.
William Stanley Hoole,
Lawley Covers the Confederacy
(Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1964), p. 63.

37.
The Times
, August 18, 1863.

Chapter 23: Pressure Rising

 
1.
Hansard, 3
^rd
ser., vol. 171, cols. 1827–28, June 3, 1863, John Bright.

 
2.
Henry Adams,
The Education of Henry Adams
, ed. Ernest Samuels (repr. Boston, 1973), p. 187.

 
3.
F. L. Owsley,
King Cotton Diplomacy
(2nd ed., Chicago, 1959), p. 461.

 
4.
E. D. Adams,
Great Britain and the American Civil War,
2 vols. in 1 (New York, 1958), vol. 2, p. 172.

 
5.
Ibid., p. 173.

 
6.
ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, no. 25, pp. 839–40, Hotze to Benjamin, July 11, 1863.

 
7.
Sarah Agnes Wallace and Frances Elma Gillespie (eds.),
The Journal of Benjamin Moran, 1857–1865,
2 vols. (Chicago, 1948, 1949), vol. 2, p. 1183, July 14, 1863.

 
8.
Francis Galton (ed.),
Vacation Tourists, 1862–1863
(London, 1864), p. 412.

 
9.
New-York Historical Society,
Narrative of Ebenezer Wells
(
c
. 1881).

10.
William L. Shea and Terrence J. Winschel,
Vicksburg Is the Key
(Lincoln, Nebr., 2003), p. 185.

11.
Sheffield Archives, WHM 461 (24), Hampson to Lord Wharncliffe, January 17, 1865.

12.
PRO FO115/395, f. 60, Mayo to Lyons, July 24, 1863.

13.
Adams,
Great Britain and the American Civil War,
vol. 2, p. 179.

14.
Historical Collection, Michigan Pioneer and Historical Society,
vol. 29 (Lansing, Mich., 1900), p. 604.

15.
ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, no. 26, pp. 849–51, Hotze to Benjamin, July 23, 1863.

16.
W. C. Ford (ed.),
A Cycle of Adams Letters, 1861–1865
, 2 vols. (Boston, 1920), vol. 2, p. 59, Henry Adams to Charles Francis Adams, Jr., July 23, 1863;
Economist
, August 1, 1863, quoted in Hugh Brogan, “America and Walter Bagehot,”
Journal of American Studies
, 11/3 (Dec. 1977), p. 340.

17.
Charles Vandersee, “Henry Adams Behind the Scenes: Civil War Letters to Frederick W. Seward,” 71/4 (1967), p. 259.

18.
Adams,
The Education of Henry Adams
, pp. 204–55.

19.
Ford (ed.),
A Cycle of Adams Letters,
vol. 2, p. 32, Henry Adams to Charles Francis Adams, Jr., July 23, 1863.

20.
Ibid., p. 54, Charles Adams to Charles Francis Adams, Jr., July 24, 1863.

21.
Norman Longmate,
The Hungry Mills: The Story of the Lancashire Cotton Famine, 1861–5
(London, 1978), p. 205.

22.
Lance Davis and Stanley L. Engerman,
Naval Blockades in Peace and War
(Cambridge, 2006), pp. 128–29.

23.
Wallace and Gillespie (eds.),
The Journal of Benjamin Moran
, vol. 2, p. 1188, July 27, 1863.

24.
Allan Nevins,
The War for the Union
, 4 vols.; vol. 2:
War Becomes Revolution, 1862–1863
(New York, 1960), p. 120.

25.
Susannah Ural Bruce,
The Harp and the Eagle
(New York, 2006), p. 177.

26.
Edward Robb Ellis,
The Epic of New York City
(New York, 2005), p. 298.

27.
Sarah Forbes Hughes (ed.),
Letters and Recollections of John Murray Forbes
, 2 vols. (New York, 1900), vol. 2, p. 49.

28.
Arthur J. L. Fremantle,
Three Months in the Southern States
(Lincoln, Nebr., 1991), p. 300.