After the Reich (114 page)

CHAPTER 16: THE TRIALS

1
Davidson,
Death and Life
, 100 n. 4; Bower,
Blind Eye to Murder
, 29-30.

2
MacDonogh,
The Last Kaiser
, 422, 423, 424; Hilberg,
Destruction
, III, 1142.

3
Davidson,
Death and Life
, 105; Hilberg,
Destruction
, III, 1142; papers released by the National Archive at the end of 2005 show that Churchill had always been in favour of executing the Nazi leaders. The fact that only the second tier of Nazis were captured may have altered his thinking in favour of a trial:
Sunday Times
, 1 January 2006.

4
Paget,
Manstein
, 139.

5
Ibid., 155; this was from Paget’s defence submission.

6
Hilberg,
Destruction
, III, 1145.

7
Ibid.

8
Ibid., 1099.

9
Ibid., 1130-1, 1152.

10
Quoted in Paget,
Manstein
, 67, also 154.

11
Ibid., 68.

12
Smith, ed.,
Clay Papers
, I, 441.

13
Paget,
Manstein
, 86-7.

14
Ibid., 69-70.

15
Ibid., 80.

16
Information from Ian Maxwell, who also informed the author that his father had told him that Trevor-Roper was called in to interrogate major war criminals.

17
Leighton-Langer,
X
, 235.

18
Ibid.

19
West,
The Meaning of Treason
, 132-3.

20
Papen,
Memoirs
, 551.

21
Peter Padfield,
Himmler - Reichsführer SS
, London, 1990, 610.

22
Ibid., 609-11; Anthony Read,
The Devil’s Disciples - The Lives and Times of Hitler’s Inner Circle
, London 2003, 914-15.

23
Willi Frischauer,
Goering
, London 1950, 277.

24
Irving,
Göring
, 465-70; Frischauer,
Goering
, 274-6.

25
Irving,
Göring
, 470-1, 478; Goering,
My Life with Goering
, London 1972, 136.

26
Frischauer,
Goering
, 280.

27
Read,
The Devil’s Disciples
, 3.

28
Speer,
Diaries
, 65.

29
Papen,
Memoirs
, 541.

30
Speer,
Diaries
, 3.

31
Irving,
Göring
, 477, 480.

32
Papen,
Memoirs
, 563.

33
Hilberg,
Destruction
, III, 1157.

34
Speer,
Diaries
, 37.

35
Papen,
Memoirs
, 546.

36
Karl Dönitz,
Mein Wechselvolles Leben
, Zurich, Berlin and Frankfurt 1968, 212-14.

37
Dos Passos,
Tour of Duty
, 296-7.

38
Speer,
Diaries
, 3.

39
Peter Padfield,
Hess - The Führer’s Disciple
, London 1995, 303-4, 312.

40
Hilberg,
Destruction
, III, 1156.

41
Irving,
Göring
, 484.

42
Ibid., 489; Papen,
Memoirs
, 574.

43
Friedrich,
Schauplatz Berlin
, 146.

44
Dos Passos,
Tour of Duty
, 298-9.

45
Papen,
Memoirs
, 559.

46
Dos Passos,
Tour of Duty
, 301, 305.

47
Hilberg,
Destruction
, III, 1149.

48
Irving,
Göring
, 487.

49
Padfield,
Hess
, 310-11; G. M. Gilbert,
Nuremberg Diary
, New York 1947, 45-6.

50
Frischauer,
Goering
, 291.

51
Ibid., 295; Gilbert,
Nuremberg Diary
, 50.

52
See Peter Maguire,
Law and War
, New York 2001. I am grateful to Sebastian Cody for directing me to this work.

53
Hilberg,
Destruction
, III, 1149; Tom Lampert,
Ein einziges Leben - Geschichten aus der NS-Zeit
, Munich 2003, 204-29, portrays von dem Bach as a man suffering from psychosomatic illness as a result of the demands made upon him by Himmler.

54
Irving made this statement in
The Reichsmarschall’s Table
, BBC Radio 4, 15 March 2005, written and presented by Giles MacDonogh, and produced by Dennis Sewell.

55
Irving,
Göring
, 492-3; Frischauer,
Goering
, 292; Walter Görlitz, ‘The Desk Generals - Keitel, Jodl and Warlimont’, in Barnett, ed.,
Hitler’s Generals
, 153-4.

56
Speer,
Diaries
, 13.

57
Papen,
Memoirs
, 551-3.

58
Frischauer,
Goering
, 296.

59
Papen,
Memoirs
, 565.

60
Irving,
Göring
, 495; Frischauer,
Goering
, 297.

61
Frischauer,
Goering
, 295; Read,
The Devil’s Disciples
, 9.

62
Frischauer,
Goering
, 297.

63
Hilberg,
Destruction
, III, 1136.

64
Speer,
Diaries
, 52.

65
Ibid., 45.

66
Ibid., 499.

67
Skrjabina,
Allies on the Rhine
, 77.

68
Helmuth Auerbach, ‘Que faire de l’Allemagne’, in Manfrass and Rioux, eds,
France-Allemagne
, 293.

69
Speer,
Diaries
, 4.

70
Friedrich,
Schauplatz Berlin
, 147.

71
Hilberg,
Destruction
, III, 1151.

72
Ibid., 11, 14.

73
Werner Maser,
Nürnberg, Tribunal der Sieger
, Munich and Zurich 1979, 7; Read,
The Devil’s Disciples
, 923.

74
Speer,
Diaries
, 11.

CHAPTER 17: THE LITTLE FISH

1
Smith, ed.,
Clay Papers
, I, 247 and n. 3; Buscher,
War Crimes Trial Program
, 30.

2
Smith, ed.,
Clay Papers
, I, 420.

3
Maser,
Nürnberg
, 434-42.

4
Speer,
Diaries
, 26.

5
Ibid., 32.

6
Ibid., 35.

7
Eberle and Uhl, eds,
Das Buch Hitler
, 236.

8
Mühlen,
Krupp
, 195.

9
Ibid., 200.

10
Hans Laternser,
Verteidigung deutsche Soldaten: Pläydoyers vor Alliierten Gerichten
, Bonn 1950, 111, 126, 146-7, 153.

11
Ibid., 339.

12
Smith, ed.,
Clay Papers
, I, 262, 310.

13
Mühlen,
Krupp
, 213.

14
Ibid., 220.

15
Ibid., 214.

16
Wachsmann,
Hitler’s Prisons
, 343.

17
Carl Haensel,
Das Gericht vertagt sich. Tagebuch eines Verteidigers bei den Nürnberger Prozessen
, Wiesbaden and Munich 1980, 17.

18
Margret Boveri,
Der Diplomat vor Gericht
, Berlin and Hanover, 1948, 44.

19
Weizsäcker,
Vier Zeiten
, 119; Boveri,
Der Diplomat vor Gericht
, 18.

20
Weizsäcker,
Vier Zeiten
, 121.

21
Quoted in Boveri,
Der Diplomat vor Gericht
, 17-18.

22
Ibid., 29.

23
Weizsäcker,
Vier Zeiten
, 122.

24
Boveri,
Der Diplomat vor Gericht
, 17.

25
Weizsäcker,
Vier Zeiten
, 122; Boveri,
Der Diplomat vor Gericht
, 18.

26
Weizsäcker,
Vier Zeiten
, 125-6.

27
Paget,
Manstein
, 171.

28
Ibid., 169-72. It should be said that this sort of argument has always been very pleasing to the revisionists, and that Paget is quoted and lauded on David Irving’s website for saying that the figure of six million murdered Jews was incorrect; Hilberg,
Destruction
, III, 1158.

29
Earl F. Ziemke, ‘Rundstedt’, in Barnett, ed.,
Hitler’s Generals
, 201.

30
See Shepherd,
After Daybreak
, 166-75.

31
Tighe,
Gdansk
, 201.

32
Eberle and Uhl, eds,
Das Buch Hitler
, 238-9; MacDonogh,
Prussia
, 376.

33
Paget,
Manstein
, 77.

34
Ibid., 78, 79.

35
Shelford Bidwell, ‘Kesselring’, in Barnett, ed.,
Hitler’s Generals
, 288.

36
Berber,
Dachau
, 200.

37
Sayer and Botting,
Mohnke
, 278.

38
Smith, ed.,
Clay Papers
, II, 1041-3.

39
Buscher,
War Crimes Trial Program
, 38.

40
Smith, ed.,
Clay Papers
, II, 880-1, 889.

41
Ibid., 1007; Robert Wistrich
, Who’s Who in Nazi Germany
, London 1995, 142-3.

42
Sayer and Botting,
Mohnke
, 283; Smith, ed.,
Clay Papers
, II, 671.

43
Sayer and Botting,
Mohnke
, 91-2.

44
Ibid., 183n.

45
Ibid., 226.

46
Ibid.

47
Hamann,
Winifred Wagner
, 420-1.

48
Ibid., 423-5.

49
Ibid., 428-9.

50
Ibid., 438.

51
Ibid., 352.

52
Ibid., 345.

53
Idem, 356-8.

54
Fürstenau,
Entnazifizierung
, 231.

55
Maser,
Nürnberg,
433; Wachsmann,
Hitler’s Prisons
, 344.

CHAPTER 18: PEACEMAKING IN POTSDAM

1
Hanna Grisebach quoted in Inge Hoeftmann and Waltraud Noack, eds,
Potsdam in alten und neuen Reisebeschreibungen
, Düsseldorf 1992, 226.

2
Hanna Grisebach,
Potsdamer Tagebuch
, with an Afterword by Hilde Domin, Heidelberg 1974, 23.

3
Ibid., 22.

4
Ibid., 48.

5
Ibid., 29, 32.

6
Quoted in Hoeftmann and Noack, eds,
Potsdam
, 235.

7
Grisebach,
Tagebuch
, 35.

8
Ibid., 38-9.

9
Ibid., 44.

10
Zhukov,
Reminiscences
, II, 438.

11
See Ingeborg Fleischhauer,
Die Chance des Sonderfriedens: Deutsch-sowjetische Geheimgespräche 1941-1945
, Berlin 1986; Hugh Trevor-Roper,
The Last Days of Hitler
, 7th edn, London 1995, 29; MacDonogh, Translator’s Preface to Eberle and Uhl,
The Hitler Book
, xx.

12
Eberle and Uhl,
Das Buch Hitler
. See in particular the editors’ Afterword, 495-6.

13
Zhukov,
Reminiscences
, II, 429, 453.

14
Ibid., 430.

15
Ibid., 435.

16
Smith, ed.,
Clay Papers
, I, 17.

17
Zhukov,
Reminiscenses
, II, 433.

18
Smith, ed.,
Clay Papers
, II, 19.

19
Balfour and Mair,
Four Power Control
, 39.

20
Young,
France
, 61.

21
Smith, ed.,
Clay Papers
, II, 18, 21; Bullock,
Bevin
, 17.

22
Zhukov,
Reminiscences
, II, 434, 437.

23
Kardorff,
Aufzeichnungen
, 331, 334.

24
Bullock,
Bevin
, 17.

25
Henry H. Adams,
Harry Hopkins
, New York 1977, 391.

26
Averall Harriman Foreword to ibid., 19.

27
Zhukov,
Reminiscences
, II, 440.

28
Adams,
Hopkins
, 392.

29
Ibid., 382.

30
Ibid., 377.

31
Henke, ‘Potsdam’, 57-9.

32
Smith, ed.,
Clay Papers
, II, 22-4.

33
Henke, ‘Potsdam’, 52-3; Naimark,
Russians in Germany
, 146.

34
Henke, ‘Potsdam’, 54.

35
Akinscha and Koslow,
Beutekunst
, 99-100.

36
Goedde,
GIs and Germans
, 11-12.

37
Quoted in Boveri,
Tage
, 157, 170.

38
Smith, ed.,
Clay Papers
, I, 50-1.

39
Ritchie,
Faust’s Metropolis
, 629, mentions the geraniums; Harry S. Truman,
Memoirs
, 2 vols, vol. I: 1945,
Year of Decisions
, London 1955, 268, the other flora.