After the Reich (109 page)

27
Alan Balfour,
Berlin: The Politics of Order, 1737-1989
, New York 1990, 187.

28
Buffet,
Berlin
, 363.

29
Löwenthal,
Potsdam
, 10-11.

30
Naimark,
Russians in Germany
, 16; Löwenthal,
Potsdam
, 16.

31
Löwenthal,
Potsdam
, 19.

32
Ibid., 20-3.

33
Ibid., 24-5.

34
Ibid., 34, 41, 44.

35
Klimov,
Terror Machine
, 118-20; Peterson,
Russian Commands
, 104.

36
Löwenthal,
Potsdam
, 72.

37
Ibid., 97.

38
Ibid., 113-18.

39
Naimark,
Russians in Germany
, 42, 44.

40
Ibid., 85.

41
Keeling,
Gruesome Harvest
, 53.

42
Naimark,
Russians in Germany
, 105.

43
Ibid., 92, 94-6, 116.

44
Klimov,
Terror Machine
, 117.

45
Ibid., 221.

46
Ibid., 208, 219.

47
Michel Bar-Zohar,
The Hunt for German Scientists
, translated by Len Ortzen, London 1967, 9.

48
Ibid., 151-3, 161, 168.

49
Klimov,
Terror Machine
, 222-5.

50
Jana Urbancová and Claus Josef Riedel,
Riedel od roku 1756
, exhibition catalogue, Jablonec (Gablonz), 19 August-27 October 1991, 14.

51
Naimark,
Russians in Germany
, 237-40, 248-9; Petersen,
Russian Commands
, 123; Jünger,
Okkupation
, 293.

52
Naimark,
Russians in Germany
, 355-7, 360-2, 374.

53
Peterson,
Russian Commands
, 46.

54
Naimark,
Russians in Germany
, 376; Peterson,
Russian Commands
, 25.

55
Naimark,
Russians in Germany
, 378.

56
Ibid., 381-2.

57
Löwenthal,
Potsdam
, 201-2.

58
Alexander Behrens,
Johannes R. Becher, eine politische Biographie
, Cologne, Weimar and Vienna 2003, 223.

59
Wolfgang Schivelbusch,
In a Cold Crater - Cultural and Intellectual Life in Berlin 1945-1948
, Berkeley, Los Angeles and London 1998, ix.

60
Behrens,
Becher
, 223.

61
Ibid., 225.

62
Clare,
Berlin Days
, 62.

63
Ibid., 81.

64
Schivelbusch,
Cold Crater
, 31, 36-7.

65
Zuckmayer, ‘Bericht über das Filmund Theaterleben’, in
Deutschlandbericht
, 156-204.

66
Clare,
Berlin Days
, 64.

67
Behrens,
Becher
, 229.

68
Schivelbusch,
Cold Crater
, 40, 45.

69
Ibid., 231-3.

70
Lang, ‘
Lieber Herr Celibidache
’, 21.

71
Ibid., 28-9.

72
Clare,
Berlin Days
, 81; Lang, ‘Lieber Herr Celibidache’, 33.

73
Clare,
Berlin Days
, 105-7.

74
Speer,
Diaries
, 104.

75
Clare,
Berlin Days
, 182-4.

76
Speer,
Diaries
, 44.

77
Boveri,
Tage
, 159.

78
Lang, ‘
Lieber Herr Celibidache
’, 59.

79
Ibid., 71

80
Schivelbusch,
Cold Crater
, 56.

81
Friedrich,
Schauplatz Berlin
, 92; Kardorff,
Aufzeichnungen
, 364.

82
Friedrich,
Schauplatz Berlin
, 105.

83
David Pike,
The Politics and Culture in Soviet-Occupied Germany, 1945-1949
, Stanford 1992, 189-92.

84
Clare,
Berlin Days
, 128.

85
Williams,
More Lives than One
, 252.

86
Ibid., 256-7.

87
Erinnerung an Johannes R. Becher
, 189.

88
Carsten Wurm,
Jeden Tag ein Buch - 50 Jahre Aufbau-Verlag 1945-1995
, Berlin 1995, 11-12.

89
Ibid., 10, 119.

90
Behrens,
Becher
, 234.

91
Ritchie,
Faust’s Metropolis
, 624.

92
Behrens
, Becher
, 239-40.

93
Ibid., 241-2.

94
Ronald Taylor,
Berlin and its Culture
, New Haven and London, 1997, 228.

95
Ibid., 244-66.

CHAPTER 7: LIFE IN THE AMERICAN ZONE

1
John Dos Passos,
Tour of Duty
, Boston 1946, 248-50; Summersby,
Eisenhower was my Boss
, 235.

2
Kay Summersby Morgan,
Past Forgetting - My Love Affair with Dwight D. Eisenhower
, London 1977, 198.

3
Klimov,
Terror Machine
, 136.

4
Stern,
Hidden Damages
, 350.

5
Dos Passos,
Tour of Duty
, 244, 247.

6
Ladislas Farago,
The Last Days of Patton
, New York, St Louis, San Francisco and Toronto 1981, 59-64; Carlo d’Este,
A Genius for War: A Life of George S. Patton
, London 1995, 738.

7
D’Este,
Patton
, 712.

8
Farago,
Last Days
, 68.

9
D’Este,
Patton
, 766.

10
Trevor Royle,
Patton - Old Blood and Guts
, London 2005, 194-6.

11
D’Este,
Patton
, 755.

12
Farrago,
Last Days
, 156.

13
D’Este,
Patton
, 755.

14
Davidson,
Death and Life
, 77.

15
Farago,
Last Days
, 1.

16
Smith, ed.,
Clay Papers
, I, 7.

17
Ibid., 351.

18
Ibid., 459, 463.

19
Salomon,
The Answers
, 422.

20
Padover,
Psychologist
, 314-16.

21
Salomon,
The Answers
, 422; Petra Goedde,
GIs and Germans
, New Haven and London 2003, 67.

22
Marta Krauss,
Heimkehr in eines fremdes Land - Geschichte der Remigranten nach 1945
, Munich 2001, 63-5.

23
Stern,
Hidden Damage
, 71

24
Zuckmayer,
Deutschlandbericht
, 7.

25
Ibid., 71.

26
Ibid., 80.

27
Hanns Mayer,
Im guten Ratskeller zu Bremen
, 5th edn., Bremen 1985, 110-11; information from Dr Carl-Ferdinand von Schubert at Maximin-Grünhaus.

28
Dos Passos,
Tour of Duty
, 263.

29
Smith, ed.,
Clay Papers
, I, 41.

30
Ibid., 69.

31
Zuckmayer,
Deutschlandbericht
, 92-3.

32
Ibid., 102-3.

33
Goedde,
GIs and Germans
, 4, 15, 46.

34
Ibid., 50-1, 57.

35
Ibid., 53-4; Salomon,
The Answers
, 415, 408.

36
Salomon,
The Answers
, 320, 321.

37
Stern,
Hidden Damage
, 216-17.

38
Boveri,
Tage
, 283-4.

39
Goedde,
GIs and Germans
, 72-6.

40
Zuckmayer,
Deutschlandbericht
, 75.

41
Ibid., 115.

42
Ibid., 95-6. 248.

43
Goedde,
GIs and Germans
, 59-60.

44
Zuckmayer,
Deutschlandbericht
20-1.

45
Goedde,
GIs and Germans
, 94-6, 101.

46
Zuckmayer,
Deutschlandbericht
, 32 See also Saul K. Padover,
Experiment in Germany. The Story of an American Intelligence Officer
, New York 1946; also John Dos Passos,
Tour of Duty
, Boston 1946.

47
Zuckmayer,
Deutschlandbericht
, 36-8.

48
Ibid., 42.

49
Peterson,
Russian Commands
, 254.

50
Boveri,
Tage
, 320-1.

51
Stern,
Hidden Damage
, 198.

52
Ibid., 324-5.

53
Salomon,
The Answers
, 416-17; Goedde,
GIs and Germans
, 84; Naimark,
Russians in Germany
, 106 n. 172.

54
Zuckmayer,
Deutschlandbericht
, 73.

55
Goedde,
GIs and Germans
, 109, 111; Friedrich,
Schauplatz Berlin
, 163.

56
Davidson,
Death and Life
, 55.

57
Skrjabina,
Allies on the Rhine
, 86-7.

58
Keeling,
Gruesome Harvest
, 59.

59
Goedde,
GIs and Germans
, 102.

60
Friedrich,
Schauplatz Berlin
, 86.

61
Goedde,
GIs and Germans
, 102.

62
Stern,
Hidden Damage
, 313.

63
Müller,
Bis zur letzten Konsequenz
, 304-6.

64
Ibid., 307.

65
Ibid., 311.

66
Smith, ed.,
Clay Papers
, I, 82, 89-90.

67
Müller,
Bis zur letzten Konsequenz
, 323.

68
Volker Hentschel,
Ludwig Erhard. Ein Politikerleben
, Munich and Landsberg am Lech 1996, 40-2.

69
Ibid., 48.

70
Ibid., 51.

71
Frederic Spotts,
Bayreuth - A History of the Wagner Festival
, New Haven and London 1994, 200.

72
Hamann,
Winifred Wagner
, 412-13.

73
Spotts,
Bayreuth
, 201.

74
Sayn-Wittgenstein,
Streifzüge
, 185.

75
Ibid., 56, 90

76
See Zuckmayer, ‘Bericht über das Film- und Theaterleben’.

77
Zuckmayer, ‘Allgemeiner Bericht über die Filmsituation in Deutschland’, in
Deutschlandbericht
, 185-204.

78
Zuckmayer,
Deutschlandbericht
, 121-2.

79
Ibid., 57, 14.

80
Ibid., 84-5; see also Helmuth James von Moltke,
Letters to Freya 1939-1945
, edited and translated by Beate Ruhm von Oppen, London 1991, 393.

81
Reinhard Lettau, ed.,
Die Gruppe 47. Bericht, Kritik, Polemik
, Neuwied 1967, 22, 35.

82
Stern,
Hidden Damage
, 280-1.

CHAPTER 8: LIFE IN THE BRITISH ZONE

1
Balfour and Mair,
Four Power Control
, 99.

2
Victor Gollancz,
In Darkest Germany
, London 1947, 17.

3
Ibid., 29.

4
Lord Longford,
Avowed Intent
, London 1994, 103-5. Longford’s book is particularly unsatisfying, especially given that he was minister during currency reform and the Berlin crisis, yet mentions neither.

5
Ibid., 156.

6
Meehan,
Strange Enemy People
, 53-4.

7
See Weeks’s biography in
DNB
57. There is remarkably little written about these significant British post-war administrators.

8
Morgan,
Byrnes, Clay
, 82.

9
See his biography in
DNB
16. Douglas did write volumes of autobiography:
Years of Command
, London 1966, covers the period.

10
Peter Merseburger,
Der Schwieriger Deutsche - Kurt Schumacher. Eine Biographie
, Stuttgart 1995, 197-8.

11
His biography is in
DNB
47.

12
Clare,
Berlin Days
, 146.

13
Morgan,
Byrnes, Clay
, 63.

14
Meehan,
Strange Enemy People
, 53, 60, 62, 67.

15
Ibid., 140-2; Tom Bower,
Blind Eye to Murder
, London 1981, 130.

16
Robert Birley,
The German Problem and the Responsibility of Britain
, The Burge Memorial Lecture, London 1947, 5.

17
Ibid., 7-9.

18
Meehan,
Strange Enemy People
, 163-5.

19
Ibid., 171.

20
Krauss,
Heimkehr
, 74-5.

21
Clare,
Berlin Days
, 162; See also Balfour and Mair,
Four Power Control
.

22
Meehan,
Strange Enemy People
, 173-5, ‘Secret Retreat Marks 60 Years of Diplomacy’, in
BBC News Online
, 12 January 2006. See Richard Mayne,
In Victory, Magnanimity, In Peace, Goodwill: A History of Wilton Park
, London 2003.