After the Sheikhs: The Coming Collapse of the Gulf Monarchies (47 page)

10
. In 2009 the figure was $2800. See Davidson (2009), chapter 6.

11
. AME Info, 31 January 2008.

12
. Hertog, Steffen,
Princes, Brokers, and Bureaucrats: Oil and State in Saudi Arabia
(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2010), p. 3.

13
.
Economist Intelligence Unit
, May 2005.

14
.
The National
, 21 December 2009.

15
.
Oxford Business Group
, ‘Abu Dhabi: The Report 2007’. p. 16.

16
. Nelson, Caren, ‘UAE National women at work in the private sector: conditions and constraints’, Tanmia Labour Market Study, No. 20, 2004, p. 30.

17
. See Davidson, Christopher M., ‘Dubai Foreclosure of a Dream’,
Middle East Report
, No. 251, 2009.

18
.
The National
, 24 December 2009.

19
. Abdullah H. Al-Nameh.

20
. Kamrava, ‘Royal Factionalism’ (2009), p. 408.

21
.
The National
, 4 August 2008.

22
.
Emirates 24/7
, 31 March 2011.

23
.
Zawya
, 21 November 2011.

24
. Hertog (2010), p. 3.

25
. For a full discussion see Lucas, Russell E., ‘Monarchical Authoritarianism: Survival and Political Liberalization in a Middle Eastern Regime Type’,
International Journal of Middle East Studies
, Vol. 36, No. 4, 2004.

26
.
E.g.
The UAE Federal Commercial Companies Law of 1984, article 22.

27
. Agence France Presse, 30 November 2011.

28
.
Egypt News
, 27 July 2009.

29
.
WAM
, 21 October 2002.

30
.
Emirates 24/7
, 27 December 2011.

31
. Kamrava, ‘Royal Factionalism’ (2009), p. 406.

32
. In the case of Abu Dhabi see Davidson (2009), chapter 6.

33
. Fromherz, Allen J.,
Qatar: A Modern History
(London: IB Tauris, 2012), p. 14.

34
. US Department of State, ‘Background Note: Saudi Arabia’ 2011.

35
. US Department of State, ‘Background Note: Oman’ 2011.

36
.
Gulf Daily News
, 7 February 2011. Based on official population figures.

37
. US Department of State, ‘Background Note: Kuwait’ 2011.

38
. US Department of State, ‘Background Note: United Arab Emirates’ 2011.

39
. Referring to official UAE Census (Tedad) April 2010 results.

40
. US Department of State, ‘Background Note: Qatar’ 2011.

41
. The Palestinian Liberation Organisation nominally backed Iraq during the Kuwait crisis.

42
.
Voice of America
, 11 October 2009.

43
. There has been one notable exception, when in 2008 groups of Bangladeshi leftist ‘Naxalites’ were reportedly stirring hatred against the Gulf monarchies in Kuwait worker camps. The Kuwait Ministry for the Interior claimed that the Naxalites viewed the Gulf monarchies as their ‘Number 2 enemy after India’ on the grounds of their capitalist exploitation of South Asian labour.
Outlook India
, 5 June 2008.

44
.
Migrant Rights
, 23 May 2010.

45
.
Migrant Rights
, 27 May 2010.

46
.
The National
, 4 January 2011.

47
.
Construction Week
, 27 January 2011.

48
.
The News Pakistan
, 1 January 2011.

49
. Adopt-a-Camp was established in summer 2010 by a Sharjah-based Pakistani activist.
The National
, 10 September 2010.

50
.
Voice of America
, 11 October 2010.

51
. See Lucas (2004). Lucas describes this situation as ‘…monarchs can stand above tribal, religious, ethnic, and regional divisions by acting as the linchpin of the political system. These potentially conflicting identities can then be subsumed under the monarch’s benevolent patronage. The monarchy becomes the unifying symbol of the (newly created) nation’.

52
. See Lucas (2004). Lucas argues that ‘if a sultanistic regime attempts to mobilise society, it is only for the glorification of the ruler’s ego or his personality cult’.

53
. See
www.sheikhmohammed.co.ae

54
. For examples, see the crown prince’s official website:
www.fazza.ae

55
.
Business Insider
, 25 July 2011.

56
. Sayyid Fahd bin Mahmoud Al-Said.

57
. Sayyid Haitham bin Tariq Al-Said.

58
. Fromherz (2011), p. 29.

59
.
E.g.
The ruler of Sharjah awards a biannual prize of $250,000 to reward an Arab citizen and a citizen from a non-Arab country whose intellectual or artistic works have contributed to the development, enrichment, and dissemination of Arabic culture throughout the world.

60
. The sword was unveiled in Fujairah in 2011, and the
youla
(with 285 participants) was held in 2010, also in Fujairah.
Gulf News
, 26 December 2011.

61
. See Khalaf, Sulayman, ‘Poetics and Politics of Newly Invented Traditions in the Gulf: Camel Racing in the United Arab Emirates’,
Ethnology
, Vol. 39, No. 3, 2000.

62
. See Khalaf, Sulayman, ‘Gulf Societies and the Image of Unlimited Good’,
Dialectical Anthropology
, Vol. 17, No. 1, 1992.

63
. Fromherz (2011), p. 2.

64
.
Foreign Policy
, 21 September 2010.

65
. Brumberg, Daniel, ‘The Trap of Liberalized Autocracy’,
Journal of Democracy
, Vol. 13. No. 4, 2002, p. 58.

66
. Fahd bin Abdul-Aziz Al-Saud was the first Saudi king to change to this title.

67
. Koranic verse 4/59.

68
. Koranic verse 4/58.

69
. Al-Azhar Statement in Support for the Arab Revolutions, released on 31 October 2011.

70
.
Wikileaks
, US Embassy Abu Dhabi, 29 April 2006.

71
.
Fanar
referring to ‘Light house’ as the mosque was founded to provide a guiding light for Qatari and expatriate Muslims living in Doha.

72
.
WAM
, 18 August 2011.

73
.
Catholic News Agency
, 16 December 2010.

74
.
New York Times
, 5 April 2009. The Bahraini ambassador to the US was Houda Ezra Ebrahim Nonoo.

75
. According to data supplied by the US Department of Energy’s Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center.

76
.
The National
, 9 July 2010.

77
. World Bank Data 2011 referring to ‘Motor Vehicles per 1000 people’.

78
. For a full discussion see Luomi, Mari,
The Gulf Monarchies and Climate Change: Abu Dhabi and Qatar in an Era of Natural Unsustainability
(London: Hurst, 2012).

79
. As stated on the Qatar Foundation official website.

80
. See Kalra, Nidhi,
Recommended Research Priorities for the Qatar Foundation’s Environment and Energy Research Institute
(Los Angeles: RAND Corporation, 2011).

81
.
Gulf News
, 14 August 2008.

82
. The prize fund was increased to $4 million in 2012.

83
. See
http://www.zayedfutureenergyprize.com/en/

84
.
The National
, 23 July 2008.

85
.
The National
, 22 July 2008.

86
.
AMEInfo
, 23 September 2008.

87
. Masdar City press release, July 2008.

3. EXPLAINING SURVIVAL—EXTERNAL MATTERS

1
. For the most comprehensive analysis of this ‘Al-Qaeda on the Arabian Peninsula’ campaign see Hegghammer, Thomas,
Jihad in Saudi Arabia: Violence and Pan-Islamism Since 1979
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010).

2
. Wheatcroft, Andrew,
With United Strength: Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al-Nahyan, the Leader and the Nation
(Abu Dhabi: Emirates Centre for Strategic Studies and Research, 2005), p. 185.

3
.
The National
, 11 July 2008.

4
.
The Daily Telegraph
, 26 March 2006.

5
. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Military Expenditure Database. In 2010 Saudi Arabia was at 11.2 per cent, UAE 7.3 per cent, and Kuwait 4.4 per cent.

6
.
CNN
, 22 February 2006.

7
. (
in Arabic
) Mutawwa, Khalid,
The Arabic Falcon
(Sharjah, 2005), pp. 214–215.

8
.
The National
, 27 July 2008.

9
.
Associated Press
, 12 July 2011. Senator Gary Ackerman of New York, a Democrat on the House Foreign Affairs subcommittee on the Middle East and South Asia, stated that ‘As a matter of both law and basic decency, we will never do business with or provide aid to a government controlled by or reporting to terrorists’.

10
. (
in Arabic
) Hamza, Kamal,
Zayed: A Mark on the Forehead of History
(Abu Dhabi, 2005), p. 166.

11
.
The National
, 18 July 2008.

12
. US Department of State, ‘Background Note: United Arab Emirates’ 2011.

13
.
Voice of America
, 25 July 2006.

14
.
Der Spiegel
, 13 March 2007.

15
. Mutawwa (2005), p. 99.

16
.
Islamic Republic News Agency
, 16 January 2004.

17
. Davidson, Christopher M.,
Abu Dhabi: Oil and Beyond
(London: Hurst, 2009), chapter 6.

18
. Ibid.

19
.
World Food Programme
, press release, 2 May 2006.

20
.
The Peninsula
, 3 June 2011.

21
.
New York Times
, 20 November 2005.

22
.
Arab News
, 30 August 2010.

23
. BBC News, 12 October 2005.

24
.
The National
, 5 August 2008.

25
.
The National
, 23 June 2008.

26
. BBC News, 7 January 2005.

27
. Kamrava, Mehran, ‘Royal Factionalism and Political Liberalization in Qatar’ in
Middle East Journal
, Vol. 63, No. 3, 2009, pp. 407–408.

28
.
WAM
, 12 July 2011.

29
. Saudi Arabia Ministry for Foreign Affairs, press release, 31 October 1999.

30
. BBC News, 24 April 1999.

31
. Wilson, Graeme,
Rashid’s Legacy: The Genesis of the Maktoum Family and the History of Dubai
(Dubai: Media Prima, 2006), p. 516.

32
.
The National
, 14 May 2009.

33
. The UAE’s federal armed forces were then called the Union Defence Force.

34
. (
in Arabic
) Obaid, Nawaf E.,
The Foreign Policy of the United Arab Emirates
(Beirut: Majd, 2004), p. 155.

35
. Heard-Bey, Frauke,
From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates
(London: Longman, 1996), pp. 511–513; Davidson, Christopher M.,
Dubai: The Vulnerability of Success
(London: Hurst, 2008), chapter 5.

36
. Hawley, Donald,
The Emirates: Witness to a Metamorphosis
(Norwich: Michael Russell, 2007), p. 30.