Agincourt (63 page)
15 Keen,
Origins of the English Gentleman
, p. 33. I am indebted to Maurice Keen for his personal comments on this case.
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16
CPR
, pp. 380, 385, 386, 395; Reeves,
Lancastrian Englishmen
, p. 94; Nicolas, Appx. xii, p. 54.
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17 Nicolas, p. 174.
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18 Ibid., pp. 170-1; Henry Paston-Bedingfield, “The Heralds at the Time of Agincourt,” in Curry,
Agincourt 1415
, pp. 136-7; Elizabeth Armstrong, “The Heraldry of Agincourt: Heraldic Insights into the Battle of Agincourt,” ibid., p. 132.
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19 Gruel,
Chronique d’Arthur de Richemont
, pp. 19-20; M. G. A. Vale,
Charles VII
(Eyre Methuen, London, 1974), p. 35.
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20 Devon, pp. 344, 345;
Foedera
, ix, pp. 324, 337;
Forty-Fourth Annual Report
, p. 578; McLeod, p. 134; Lalande,
Jean II le Meingre, dit Boucicaut (1366-1421)
, p. 171.
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21 McLeod, pp. 145, 150; Lalande,
Jean II le Meingre, dit Boucicaut (1366-1421)
, p. 171; W&W, ii, p. 253 n.1. Waterton kept a lavish household, spending more than £340 (the equivalent of $226,624 today) in 1416-17: C. M. Woolgar (ed),
Household Accounts from Medieval England Part II
, Records of Social and Economic History, New Series xviii, pp. 503-22.
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22 By comparison with other countries, the English had a reputation for treating their prisoners well. The Spanish “know not how to show courtesy to their prisoners” and, like the Germans, were notorious for holding even aristocratic captives in shackles and fetters in order to obtain greater ransoms. French merchants who were unfortunate enough to be apprehended in Normandy in 1417 by English, Burgundian and French forces in succession complained that the Burgundians treated them worse than the English, and the French were more cruel than Saracens. Barber,
The Knight and Chivalry
, p. 206; Lewis,
Later Medieval France: The Polity
, p. 50.
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23 Monstrelet, iii, pp. 120-1; http://tyreldepoix.free.fr/Site/Histoire.htm;
Foedera
, ix, p. 360; Bacquet, p. 112.
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24 See above, pp. 73, 272-3. For twenty-two prisoners in the Tower who were “plegges” for prisoners released on licence in 1423, see
POPC
, iii, 11.
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25 The very personal nature of his view of this obligation—and the extreme narrowness of its definition—was demonstrated two years later when Henry V died. Having spent seven years as the king’s prisoner, Richemont immediately returned to Brittany, considering himself to be released not only from his oath but also from his duty to pay a ransom. This was, by any standards, a highly debatable interpretation of the laws of war. Bouchart,
Grandes Croniques de Bretaigne
, pp. 271-2, 280.
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26 Nicolas, Appx vi;
Forty-Fourth Annual Report
, p. 578.
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27 Nicolas, Appx vi.
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28
Forty-Fourth Annual Report
, p. 586;
Calendar of Signet Letters of Henry IV and Henry V (1399-1422)
, p. 164 no. 800;
Foedera
, ix, p. 430; W&W, ii, pp. 39-41.
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29
Foedera
, ix, pp. 424-6; Nicolas, Appx vi;
Foedera
, ix, p. 337; Stansfield, “John Holland, Duke of Exeter and Earl of Huntingdon (d.1447) and the Costs of the Hundred Years War,” pp. 108-9. De Gaucourt returned to France once more to arrange a joint ransom of twenty thousand crowns, with authority from d’Estouteville to sell one of the latter’s estates to raise his share; instead, de Gaucourt raised all the money himself, relying on d’Estouteville to repay him. On his deathbed, d’Estouteville charged his son to repay de Gaucourt the seventeen thousand crowns he now owed him but the son repudiated the debt and de Gaucourt therefore sued him in the Paris Parlement.
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30 Raoul de Gaucourt was “eighty-five years old, or thereabouts” when he gave evidence on 25 February 1455 to enable the pope to reverse the judgement against Joan of Arc. He is said have died on 21 June 1462. See
Procès en Nullité de la Condamnation de Jeanne d’Arc
, ed. by Pierre Duparc (Société de l’Histoire de France, Paris, 1977), i, p. 326; Chenaye-Desbois et Badier,
Dictionnaire de la Noblesse
, ix, pp. 33-5; Prevost, d’Arnot and de Morembert (eds),
Dictionnaire de Biographie Française
, xv, p. 689. After 1453 the only part of mainland France still in English hands was Calais.
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31 Vale,
Charles VII
, pp. 35-7; http://xenophongroup.com/montjoie/ richmond.htm.
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32 Vendôme, who was a prisoner of Sir John Cornewaille, was effectively exchanged in 1423 for John Holland, earl of Huntingdon, who had been captured at Baugé:
Foedera
, ix, p. 319; Stansfield, “John Holland, Duke of Exeter and Earl of Huntingdon (d.1447) and the Costs of the Hundred Years War,” pp. 108-9.
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33 McLeod, pp. 153, 161, 190, 192; Bacquet, p. 88.
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34 Lalande,
Jean II le Meingre, dit Boucicaut (1366-1421)
, pp. 171-4; John Harthan,
Books of Hours and Their Owners
(Thames & Hudson, London, 1977, repr. 1978), p. 73. See plate 33.
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35 W&W, iii, p. 187.
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36
ELMA
, pp. 389-93, 396-8; www174.pair.com/mja/chuck.html. In 1414, Charles d’Orléans had paid £276 7s 6d for 960 pearls which were to be sewn onto his sleeve in the form of the words and music of his chanson, “Madame je suis plus joyeulx”: ibid., p. 8 n. 36. See also plate 35.
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37 www.unibuc.ro/eBooks/lls/MihaelaVoicu-LaLiterature/CHARLES%20DORLEANS.htm p. 2.
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38 McLeod, pp. 171-2.
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39 Alain Chartier,
The Poetical Works of Alain Chartier
, ed. by J. C. Laidlaw (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1974), pp. 198-304, esp. pp. 262 (ll. 2138-45), 275-6 (ll. 2585-99).
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40 Alain Chartier,
Le Quadrilogue Invectif
, ed. and trans. by Florence Bouchet (Honoré Champion, Paris, 2002), p. 89. It should be pointed out that Chartier himself does not necessarily agree with this view, which is enunciated by his fictional knight on behalf of his class.
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41 Pizan,
The Writings of Christine de Pizan
, p. 339; Forhan,
The Political Theory of Christine de Pizan
, p. 72. Nevertheless, the importance of peace was the single most prominent recurring theme in Christine’s work: ibid., p. 141.
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42 Usk, p. 259. The last word of every line ends in “osa,” a scholarly device typical of medieval Latinists: ibid., p. 258.
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43
Musica Britannica: A National Collection of Music, vol. iv, Medieval Carols
, ed. by John Stevens (Royal Musical Association, London, 1952), p. 6, no. 8. See plate 30.
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44 Richard Olivier,
Inspirational Leadership: Henry V and the Muse of Fire
(Industrial Society, London, 2001), p. xxiii. In more recent times
Henry V
has been used to put across an anti-war message. Kenneth Branagh’s film version was made after the Falklands War; the National Theatre’s stage version, with a black actor in the title role, came in the wake of the US-led invasion of Iraq. Curry, pp. 260-359, provides an excellent overview of the literary response to Agincourt throughout the centuries, and cites many valuable examples of the different genres.
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I: Abbreviations.
Frequently cited sources have been abbreviated as follows:
Bacquet: Gérard Bacquet,
Azincourt
(Scop-Sadag Press, Bellegarde, 1977).
Bourgeois
:
Journal d’un Bourgeois de Paris 1405-1449
, ed. by A. Tuetey (Paris, 1881).
Bouvier: Gilles le Bouvier, dit Le Héraut Berry,
Les Chroniques du Roi Charles VII
, ed. by Henri Courteault and Léonce Celier (Société de l’Histoire de France, Paris, 1979).
Brut
:
The Brut or The Chronicles of England
, ed. by Friedrich W. D. Brie (Early English Text Society, London, 1908), vol. ii.
Capgrave: John Capgrave,
The Book of the Illustrious Henries
, ed. and trans. by Francis Charles Hingeston (Longman and Co., London, 1858).
CCR
:
Calendar of the Close Rolls, Preserved in the Public Record Office: Henry V, vol. I, AD 1413-1419
(HMSO, London, 1939).
CPR
:
Calendar of the Patent Rolls, Preserved in the Public Record Office: Henry V, vol. I, AD 1413-1416
(HMSO, London, 1910).
Curry: Anne Curry,
The Battle of Agincourt: Agincourt 1415: Sources and Interpretations
(Boydell Press, Woodbridge, 2000).
Curry,
Agincourt
Agincourt 1415: Henry V, Sir Thomas Erpingham and the
1415
:
Triumph of the English Archers
, ed. by Anne Curry (Tempus, Stroud, 2000).
Curry and
Arms, Armies and Fortifications in the Hundred Years War
,
Hughes: ed. by Anne Curry and Michael Hughes (Boydell Press, Woodbridge, 1994, repr. 1999).
Devon:
Issues of the Exchequer; Being a Collection of Payments Made out of His Majesty’s Revenue, from King Henry III to King Henry VI Inclusive
, ed. and trans. by Frederick Devon (John Murray, London, 1837).
ELMA
: Maurice Keen,
England in the Later Middle Ages
(Methuen and Co., London, 1973).
First English
The First English Life of King Henry the Fifth written in
Life
:
1513 by an anonymous Author known commonly as The Translator of Livius
, ed. by Charles Lethbridge Kingsford (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1911).
Foedera
:
Foedera, Conventiones, Literae et Cuiuscunque Generis Acta Publica inter Reges Angliae
, ed. by Thomas Rymer (2nd edn, J. Tonson, London, 1729), vol. ix.
Forty-Fourth
The Forty-Fourth Annual Report of the Deputy Keeper of
Annual Report
:
the Public Records
(London, 1883).
Fowler:
The Hundred Years War
, ed. by Kenneth Fowler (Macmillan, London, 1971).
GHQ
:
Gesta Henrici Quinti
, ed. and trans. by F. Taylor & J. S. Roskell (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1975).
HVPK
:
Henry V: The Practice of Kingship
, ed. by G. L. Harriss (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1985).
Keen,
MW
:
Medieval Warfare: A History
, ed. by Maurice Keen (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1999).
Le Févre: Jean le Févre,
Chronique de Jean le Févre, Seigneur de St Remy
, ed. by François Morand (Société de l’Histoire de France, Paris, 1876-81), 2 vols.
Letter-Books
:
Calendar of Letter-Books Preserved Among the Archives of the Corporation of the City of London at the Guildhall, Letter-Book I, circa
AD
1400-1422
, ed. by Reginald R. Sharpe (printed by Order of the Corporation, London, 1909).
Liste
:
Liste des Morts Français à Azincourt le Vendredi 25 Octobre 1415: http://home.nordnet.fr/~amenec/page3Azincourt. html.
McLeod: Enid McLeod,
Charles of Orléans: Prince and Poet
(Chatto and Windus, London, 1969).
Monstrelet: Enguerrand de Monstrelet,
La Chronique d’Enguerran de Monstrelet
, ed. by L. Douet d’Arcq (Société de l’Histoire de France, Paris, 1859), vol. iii.
Mowbray MS: Account roll of Robert Southwell, receiver general to John Mowbray, earl marshal, Michaelmas 1414-Michaelmas 1415: Microfiche MF1480, Gloucestershire Record Office. The original manuscript is at Berkeley Castle.
Nicolas: Nicholas Harris Nicolas,
The History of the Battle of Agincourt
(3rd edn repr., H. Pordes, London, 1971).
ODNB
:
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
, ed. by Colin Mathews and Brian Harrison (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2004): online version: www.oxforddnb.com.
Pizan,
BDAC
: Christine de Pizan,
The Book of Deeds of Arms and of Chivalry
, ed. and trans. by Charity Cannon Willard and Sumner Willard (Pennsylvania State University Press, Pennsylvania, 1999).
POPC
:
Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council of England
, ed. by Sir Harris Nicolas (Commissioner of Public Records, 1834), vol. 2.
Powell: Edward Powell,
Kingship, Law, and Society: Criminal Justice in the Reign of Henry V
(Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1989).
St Albans
:
The St Albans Chronicle 1406-1420
, ed. by V. H. Galbraith (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1937).
St-Denys
:
Chronique du Religieux de Saint-Denys
, ed. by M.-L. Bellaguet (Crapelet, Paris, 1844), 6 vols.
Strickland and Matthew Strickland and Robert Hardy,
From Hastings to
Hardy:
the
Mary Rose:
The Great Warbow
(Sutton, Stroud, 2005).
TNA: The National Archives, formerly The Public Record Office, at Kew, London.
Usk:
The Chronicle of Adam Usk 1377-1421
, ed. and trans. by C. Given-Wilson (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1997).
Vaughan: Richard Vaughan,
John the Fearless
(Longman, London and New York, 1966; repr. Boydell Press, Woodbridge, 2002).