America Aflame (91 page)

27.
The discussion of the gold rush draws on the following sources: Gunther Barth,
Instant Cities: Urbanization and the Rise of San Francisco and Denver
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1975); Billington,
Far Western Frontier
, 218–41; H. W. Brands,
The Age of Gold: The California Gold Rush and the New American Dream
(New York: Doubleday, 2002); DeVoto,
Year of Decision
, 499–500; Susan Lee Johnson,
Roaring Camp: The Social World of the California Gold Rush
(New York: Norton, 2000); Malcolm J. Rohrbough,
Days of Gold: The California Gold Rush and the American Nation
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997); John D. Unruh Jr.,
The Plains Across: The Overland Emigrants and the Trans-Mississippi West, 1840–1860
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1979), 68–244.

28.
James K. Polk, “Fourth Annual Message,” December 5, 1848, American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu.

29.
Unless otherwise noted, the discussion of Harriet Beecher Stowe and Charley relies on Joan D. Hedrick,
Harriet Beecher Stowe: A Life
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 190–92.

30.
Harriet Beecher Stowe to Calvin Stowe, July 26, 1849, in
Life and Letters of Harriet Beecher Stowe
, ed. Annie Fields (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1897), 119, available on Google Books.

CHAPTER 3: REVOLUTIONS

1.
The discussion of the European revolutions of 1848 relies on Jonathan Sperber,
The European Revolutions, 1848–1851
, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005).

2.
Quoted in Philip Callow,
From Noon to Starry Night: A Life of Walt Whitman
(Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1992), 171; quoted in Timothy M. Roberts, “‘Revolutions Have Become the Bloody Toy of the Multitude': European Revolutions, the South, and the Crisis of 1850,”
Journal of the Early Republic
25 (Summer 2005): 263; see also Timothy M. Roberts,
Distant Revolutions: 1848 and the Challenge to American Exceptionalism
(Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2009); Michael A. Morrison, “American Reaction to European Revolutions, 1848–1852: Sectionalism, Memory, and the Revolutionary Heritage,”
Civil War History
49 (June 2003): 111–32.

3.
James K. Polk, “Fourth Annual Message,” December 5, 1848, James K. Polk Papers: American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu.

4.
Quoted in Jack P. Greene, ed.,
The Ambiguity of the American Revolution
(New York: Harper & Row, 1968), 49–50.

5.
For a full treatment of the Compromise of 1850, see Holman Hamilton,
Prologue to Conflict: The Crisis and Compromise of 1850
(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2005); Merrill D. Peterson,
The Great Triumvirate: Webster, Clay, and Calhoun
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1988); Robert V. Remini,
At the Edge of the Precipice: Henry Clay and the Compromise That Saved the Union
(New York: Basic Books, 2010).

6.
Calhoun confided this to James M. Mason, senator from Virginia and a close friend. Virginia Mason,
The Public Life and Diplomatic Correspondence of James Murray Mason
(New York: Neale Publishing, 1906), 72–73.

7.
CG
, 31st Congress, 1st Session (March 4, 1850): 451–55.

8.
Both quotes from Thomas E. Schott,
Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia: A Biography
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988), 99.

9.
Register of Debates
, 21st Congress, 1st Session (January 27, 1830): 80.

10.
CG
, 31st Congress, 1st Session (March 7, 1850): 477.

11.
John Greenleaf Whittier, “Ichabod” (1850), http://www.bartleby.com.

12.
CG
, 31st Congress, 1st Session, Appendix (March 11, 1850): 265.

13.
Wooster Parker quoted in Richard Carwardine,
Evangelicals and Politics in Antebellum America
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993), 178.

14.
CG
, 31st Congress, 1st Session, Appendix (July 22, 1850): 482.

15.
Quoted in David M. Potter,
The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861
(New York: Harper & Row, 1976), 121.

16.
George Templeton Strong,
The Diary of George Templeton Strong
, ed. Allan Nevins and Milton Halsey Thomas, (New York: Macmillan, 1952), September 9, 1850, 2: 19–20.

17.
Quoted in Carwardine,
Evangelicals and Politics
, 183.

18.
Both quotes from Schott,
Stephens
, 129.

19.
S.L.C., “Isaac and Ishmael,”
Southern Literary Messenger
17 (January 1851): 23.

20.
Quoted in Vincent Harding,
There Is a River: The Black Struggle for Freedom in America
(New York: Vintage, 1983), 160.

21.
These and subsequent quotes from the speech of Frederick Douglass, “The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro,” in
FD:SSW
, 188–205.

22.
Walt Whitman, “Blood-Money,” initially appeared in the
New York Daily Tribune
, March 22, 1850, http://www.bartleby.com.

23.
Unless otherwise noted, the discussion of Stowe relies on Joan D. Hedrick,
Harriet Beecher Stowe: A Life
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1994).

24.
Quoted in Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, “Days of Judgment, Days of Wrath: The Civil War and the Religious Imagination of Women Writers,” in
Religion and the American Civil War
, ed. Randall M. Miller, Harry S. Stout, and Charles Reagan Wilson (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 234.

25.
Quoted in Andrew Delbanco, “Sentimental Education,”
New Republic
, April 18, 1994, 42.

26.
Quoted in Fox-Genovese, “Days of Judgment,” 235.

27.
Hedrick,
Stowe
, 104.

28.
Quoted in ibid., 25.

29.
Harriet Beecher Stowe,
Uncle Tom's Cabin, or Life Among the Lowly
(New York: Norton, 1994; first published in 1852), 385.

30.
Ibid., first quote, 247; second quote, 77.

31.
Ibid., 385.

32.
Ibid., first quote, 115; second quote, 357.

33.
Ibid., first quote, 277; second quote, 340; third quote, 344.

34.
Ibid., first quote, 249; second quotes, 246.

35.
Ibid., 257.

36.
Ibid., 383.

37.
Ibid., 384.

38.
Ibid., 385.

39.
Ibid., 388.

40.
Ibid.

41.
First quote, Hedrick,
Stowe
, vii; second quote, Felix Gregory de Fontaine,
History of American Abolitionism: Its Four Great Epochs
(New York: D. Appleton, 1861), 53.

42.
Quotes in Annie Fields, ed.,
Life and Letters of Harriet Beecher Stowe
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1898), 135, 136, available on Google Books.

43.
Frederick Douglass to Harriet Beecher Stowe, March 8, 1853, in
FD:SSW
, 216–17; Stowe quoted in Thomas Graham, “Harriet Beecher Stowe and the Question of Race,”
New England Quarterly
46 (December 1973): 621.

44.
Frederick Douglass' Paper
, March 4, 1853, in
Voices from the Gathering Storm: The Coming of the American Civil War
, ed. Glenn M. Linden (Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources, 2001), 65.

45.
“A Methodist,”
Liberator
, October 22, 1858; see also Catherine Clinton,
Harriet Tubman: The Road to Freedom
(New York: Little, Brown, 2004), 114.

46.
George Frederick Holmes, “Notices of New Work,”
Southern Literary Messenger
18 (October 1852): 630.

47.
George Frederick Holmes, “A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin,”
Southern Literary Messenger
19 (June 1853): 325.

48.
Ibid., 329.

49.
“Editor's Table,”
Southern Literary Messenger
19 (January 1853): 58.

50.
Harriet Beecher Stowe to Eliza Cabot Follen, December 16, 1852, in
The Limits of Sisterhood,
ed. Jeanne Boydston, Mary Kelley, and Anne Margolis (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988), 178–80.

51.
Abraham Lincoln, “The Perpetuation of our Political Institutions,” January 27, 1838,
CW
1:112.

CHAPTER 4: RAILROADED

1.
Greeley quoted in Adam-Max Tuchinsky, “‘The Bourgeoisie Will Fall and Fall Forever': The
New-York Tribune
, the 1848 French Revolution, and American Social Democratic Discourse,”
Journal of American History
92 (September 2005): 494.

2.
Quoted in Hans L. Trefousse,
Carl Schurz: A Biography
(Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1982), 41.

3.
William Edward Forster quoted in John Francis Maguire,
Father Mathew: A Biography
(New York: D. & J. Sadlier, 1864), 383.

4.
Quoted in Oscar Handlin,
Boston's Immigrants, 1790–1880: A Study in Acculturation
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991; first published in 1941 as
Boston's Immigrants, 1790–1865
), 84.

5.
For this biographical material on Carl Schurz, I rely on Hans Trefousse's biography.

6.
For a discussion of this connection, see Gilbert Sykes Blakely, “Introduction,” Sir Walter Scott,
Ivanhoe
(New York: Charles E. Merrill, 1911).

7.
Frederick Douglass,
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave
(New York: Modern Library, 2000), 103.

8.
See John Bodnar,
The Transplanted: A History of Immigrants in Urban America
Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985).

9.
The following discussion relies on Tyler Anbinder,
Nativism and Slavery: The Northern Know Nothings and the Politics of the 1850s
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1992); Ray Allen Billington,
The Protestant Crusade, 1800–1860: A Study of the Origins of American Nativism
(New York: Macmillan, 1938); Michael F. Holt,
The Political Crisis of the 1850s
(New York: Norton, 1978); and Bruce C. Levine, “Conservatism, Nativism, and Slavery: Thomas R. Whitney and the Origins of the Know-Nothing Party,”
Journal of American History
88 (September 2001): 455–88.

10.
Quoted in Richard Carwardine,
Evangelicals and Politics in Antebellum America
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993), 86.

11.
Quoted in ibid., 220.

12.
Henry A. Wise, “Governor Wise's Letter on Know-nothingism and His Speech at Alexandria” (1854), YA Pamphlet Collection, Library of Congress.

13.
Quoted in Thomas E. Schott,
Alexander Stephens of Georgia: A Biography
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988), 185.

14.
Biographical details come from Schott,
Stephens
.

15.
Quoted in ibid., 27.

16.
Quoted in ibid., 185, 186.

17.
Quoted in Carwardine,
Evangelicals and Politics
, 231.

18.
Quoted in Isaac Kramnick and R. Laurence Moore,
The Godless Constitution: The Case Against Religious Correctness
(New York: Norton, 1997), 122.

19.
First quote in Anbinder,
Nativism and Slavery
, 96; second quote in Levine, “Conservatism, Nativism, and Slavery,” 477.

20.
Quoted in Trefousse,
Schurz
, 50.

21.
Quoted in Robert W. Johannsen,
Stephen A. Douglas
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997), 399.

22.
Quoted in Robert R. Russel,
Improvement of Communication with the Pacific Coast as an Issue in American Politics, 1783–1864
(Cedar Rapids, IA: Torch Press, 1948), 25.

23.
First quote in Johannsen,
Douglas
, 405; second quote in James L. Huston,
Stephen A. Douglas and the Dilemmas of Democratic Equality
(Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007), 105; third quote in David M. Potter,
The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861
(New York: Harper & Row, 1976), 160.

24.
CG
, 33rd Congress, 1st Session (January 24, 1854): 281–82.

25.
“Slavery Militant,”
New York Tribune,
January 11, 1854.

26.
Quoted in William W. Freehling,
Road to Disunion
, vol. 1,
Secessionists at Bay
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 557.

27.
CW
2:130.

28.
CW
2:255.

29.
First quote in
CW
2:282; second quote in
CW
2:248.

30.
Quoted in Johannsen,
Douglas
, 422.

31.
CW
2:281, 266.

32.
CW
2:546.

33.
CW
2:255, 266.

34.
CW
2:242.

35.
Speech at Chicago, October 30, 1854, in
FD:SSW
, 310.

36.
New York Tribune
, January 11, 1854; Atchison quoted in Louis A. De Caro Jr.,
“Fire from the Midst of You”: A Religious Life of John Brown
(New York: NYU Press, 2002), 217.