American Experiment (252 page)

43
[Mantell on Republican leadership]:
Martin E. Mantell,
Johnson, Grant, and the Politics of Reconstruction
(Columbia University Press, 1973), p. 5.

[Andrew Johnson]:
Lately Thomas,
The First President Johnson
(William Morrow, 1968); Howard K. Beale,
The Critical Year: A Study of Andrew Johnson
(Harcourt, Brace & World, 1930); Eric L. McKitrick, ed.,
Andrew Johnson
(Hill and Wang, 1969).

[“Fine feathers and gewgaws”]:
quoted in Margaret Shaw Royall,
AndrewJohnson
—
Presidential Scapegoat
(Exposition Press, 1958), p. 51.

43–4
[Wade-Johnson mutual assurances]:
Brodie, p. 223; David Donald,
The Politics of Reconstruction, 1863–1867
(Louisiana State University Press, 1965), p. 19.

[Historians’ shifting views of Reconstruction]:
Harold M. Hyman, ed.,
The Radical Republicans and Reconstruction, 1861–1870
(Bobbs-Merrill, 1967), introduction, pp. xvii–lxviii; see also Mark W. Summers,
Railroads, Reconstruction, and the Gospel of Prosperity
(Princeton University Press, 1984).

45
[Keller on new nationalized and centralized system]:
Morton Keller,
Affairs of State
(Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1977), pp. vii–viii, 4, 17ff.

46
[“
The only safety of the nation”]:
quoted in Beale, p. 27.

[Amnesty and other measures, late spring 1865]:
Stampp, pp. 62–64.

[Sumner’s confidence in Johnson]:
quoted in Donald,
Sumner,
p. 222 (italics in original).

47
[Johnson’s break with radicals, other Reconstruction developments]:
Stampp, ch. 3 and
passim;
Hyman; Mantell, chs. 1–5; Howard P. Nash, Jr.,
Andrew Johnson: Congress and Reconstruction
(Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1972); LaWanda Cox and John H. Cox,
Politics, Principle, and Prejudice
(Free Press, 1963).

[Schurz’s lour of the South]:
Stampp, pp. 73–80, quoted at p. 78.

47–8
[Sumner’s exchange with Johnson]:
quoted in Donald,
Sumner,
p. 238; see Eric McKitrick,
Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction
(University of Chicago Press, 1960), pp. 142–52.

49
[Proposed terms of Fourteenth Amendment]:
quoted in Stampp, p. 136.

[Sumner’s oration on “The Equal Rights of All”]: Congressional Globe: The Debates and Proceedings of the First Session of the Thirty-ninth Congress
(F. &J. Rives, 1866), February 6, 1866, p. 687.

[Clara Barton’s testimony]:
quoted in Brodie, p. 244.

[“Irresponsible central directory”]:
quoted in Stampp, p. 112.

[National Union Convention]:
Benedict, pp. 191–96.

51
[Warning to Johnson against “swing around the circle”]:
quoted in Thomas, p. 484.

[Johnson’s campaign]: ibid.,
pp. 485–99, quoted at pp. 489, 491.

[Election results, 1866]:
Brodie, p. 288; Stampp, pp. 117–19.

52
[Reconstruction Congress as querulous, distracted, etc.]:
Timothy Otis Howe, quoted in Benedict,
op. cit.,
p. 239.

[Stevens on the floor]:
Brodie,
op. cit.,
pp. 309–10.

[Marx on Johnson]:
quoted in Keller,
op. cit.,
p. 63.

53
[Chronology of Radical Reconstruction]:
Stampp,
op. cit,
pp. 144–48.

[Reconstruction Act Of March 2, 1867]: ibid.,
pp. 144–45.

[Ex parte Milligan]: 4
Wallace
2 (1866), quoted at p. 124.

54
[Stevens on
Milligan]: quoted in W. R. Brock,
An American Crisis: Congress and Reconstruction
(St. Martin’s Press, 1963), p. 186.

[Brock on
Milligan]:
ibid.

[Measure limiting Supreme Court jurisdiction]:
Charles Warren,
The Supreme Court in United States History
(Little, Brown, 1932), vol. 2, pp. 456–64.

[Court rulings against Southern states seeking to enjoin executive enforcement of the Reconstruction Acts]: State of Georgia
v.
Stanton,
6
Wallace
50 (1867);
State of Mississippi
v.
Johnson,
4
Wallace
475 (1867); and see Warren, vol. 2, pp. 465, 472–84, 487–88.

[Chase’s warning against “collision”]:
quoted in Keller, p. 76.

55
[Impeachment of Andrew Johnson]:
Michael Les Benedict,
The Impeachment and Trial of AndrewJohnson
(W. W. Norton, 1973); Hans L. Trefousse,
Impeachment of a President
(Universityof Tennessee Press, 1975); James E. Sefton,
Andrew Johnson and the Uses of Constitutional Power
(Little, Brown, 1980); Raoul Berger.
Impeachment: The Constitutional Problems
(Harvard University Press, 1973).

[Letter to Garfield on constitutional implications of impeachment]:
Burke A. Hinsdale to Garfield, September 30, 1867, in Mary L. Hinsdale, ed.,
Garfield-Hinsdale Correspondence: Correspondence between James Abram Garfield and Burke Aaron Hinsdale
(University of Michigan Press, 1949), pp. 107–8.

[Johnson’s opposition to black suffrage in the South]:
see esp. George F. Milton, “The Tennessee Epilogue,” excerpted from Milton,
The Age of Hate
(Coward-McCann, 1930), reprinted in McKitrick, ed.,
Andrew Johnson, op. cit.,
pp. 193–218; Benedict,
Compromise of Principle,
ch. 5.

56
[Johnson on being compelled to stand on his rights]:
quoted in Stampp, p. 149.

[Johnson in the impeachment experience]:
Thomas,
op. cit.,
pp. 541–607; Albert Castel,
The Presidency of Andrew Johnson
(Regents Press of Kansas, 1979) and sources cited therein; McKitrick,
Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction, op. cit.,
pp. 486–509.

[Grant, Johnson, and the Tenure of Office Act]:
William S. McFeely,
Grant
(W. W. Norton, 1981), pp. 262–73.

56–7
[Surratt episode]:
Thomas, pp. 349–52, 538–40.

57
[Foreknowledge of balloting on Johnson’s removal]:
Trefousse, p. 169; see also, Ralph J.Roske, “The Seven Martyrs?,”
American Historical Review,
vol. 64, no. 2 (January 1959), pp. 323–30.

57-8
[Trumbull on possible implications of impeachment]:
quoted in Stampp, p. 153; Stampp’s comment on same,
ibid.

58
[Johnson’s burial]:
Milton in McKitrick, pp. 216–17.

[Election of 1868]:
Mantell,
op. cit.,
chs. 6–9; William B. Hesseltinc,
Ulysses S. Grant—Politician
(Frederick Ungar, 1935), chs. 5–6; John Hope Franklin, “Election of 1868,” in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.,
History of American Presidential Elections
(Chelsea House, 1971), vol. 2, pp. 1247–1300.

[Grant on the summer of 1868]:
quoted in Mantell, p. 129.

59
[1868 Republican platform]:
reprinted in Schlesinger, vol. 2, pp. 1270–71, quoted at p.1270.

[1868 election results]:
Mantell, pp. 143–49; Schlesinger, vol. 2, p. 1300.

60
[Sumner upon his reelection]:
quoted in Donald,
Sumner, op. cit.,
p. 348.

[Implications of election results of 1867]:
Benedict,
Compromise of Principle, op. cit.,
pp. 272–75;James M. McPherson,
The Struggle for Equality
(Princeton University Press, 1964), pp. 378, 382,412.

60
[American Freedman
editorial]:
quoted in McPherson, p. 399.

[Passage of the Fifteenth Amendment]:
William Gillette,
The Right to Vote
(Johns Hopkins Press, 1965).

60–1
[Henry Wilson on Republican struggle to give equal rights]:
quoted in Benedict, p. 326, which is also the source of the statement of the other Republican senator (Samuel C. Pomeroy).

61
[Benedict on the political fortunes of the Republican party]: ibid.,
p. 327.

[Iowa editor on Phillips]:
Keokuk
Gate City,
quoted in McPherson, p. 368.

[New York Times
and
World
on the radicals]: ibid.

61–2
[American Anti-Slavery Society on Fifteenth Amendment]: ibid.,
p. 427.

62
[Child on Fifteenth Amendment]: ibid.,
p. 428.

[Southern politics in Reconstruction]:
Stampp,
op. cit.,
ch. 6, quoted on black leaders at p. 167.

[Reaction of planters to new prestige and power of freedmen]:
Litwack,
op. cit.,
pp. 553–54.

62–3
[Bryce on corruption in the South]:
James Bryce,
The American Commonwealth
(Macmillan, 1924), vol. 2, pp. 498–99.

63
[Results of black-and-white rule in South]:
Stampp, p. 172.

[South Carolina constitution]: ibid.,
pp. 172–73.

[McPherson on education of black schoolchildren]:
McPherson, p. 394.

63–4
[Education and black children]: ibid.,
pp. 386–407; W. E. B. Du Bois,
Black Reconstruction
(Russell & Russell, 1935), ch. 15; Luther P.Jackson, “The Educational Efforts of the Freedmen’s Bureau and Freedmen’s Aid Societies in South Carolina,”
Journal of Negro History,
vol. 8, no. 1 (January 1923), pp. 1–40;James M. Smallwood,
Timeof Hope, Time of Despair: Black Texans During Reconstruction
(Kennikat Press, 1981), ch. 4; Gerda Lerner, ed.,
Black Women in White America: A Documentary History
(Pantheon Books, 1972), pp. 92–118.

64
[Comments of Louisiana legislator and Southern white woman on schooling for blacks]:
quoted in Litwack, pp. 485, 486.

[Paducah
Herald
on ruining blacks as laborers]:
quoted in McPherson, p. 395.

[Mayor of Enterprise on teacher’s arrest]:
quoted in Litwack, p. 487.

[“Forty acres and a mule”]:
McPherson, pp. 407–16; Smallwood, ch. 3; Eric Foner, “Reconstruction and the Crisis of Free Labor,” in Foner,
Politics and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War
(Oxford University Press, 1980), pp. 97–127; Foner, “Thaddeus Stevens, Confiscation and Reconstruction,” in Foner, pp. 128–49; Escott,
op. cit.,
pp. 150–51.

[South Carolina black, black preacher, Virginia black on land]:
quoted in Litwack, pp. 392, 402, 403, respectively.

65
[Black leaders’emphasis on liberal, middle-class values]: ibid.,
pp. 520–22; Harold M. Hyman, ed.,
New Frontiers of the American Reconstruction
(University of Illinois Press, 1966), pp.73–74, 79; Eugene Genovese,
In Red and Black: Marxist Explorations
in
Southern and Afro-American History
(Pantheon Books, 1971), esp. pp. 139–42; Howard M. Shapiro, “Land Reform During Reconstruction: A Case Study in the Sociology of History,” Williams College, 1981.

65–6
[Means of keeping blacks from voting]:
William Gillette,
Retreat from Reconstruction, 1869–1879
(Louisiana State University Press, 1979), chs. 2, 12.

66
[Gibson County, Tennessee]: ibid.,
p. 29.

[The Klan and federal action]:
see Allan W. Trelease,
White Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction
(Harper & Row, 1971),
passim.

[Dwindling of voting prosecutions and convictions]:
Gillette,
Retreat,
pp. 42–45.

67
[Hayes and the South]:
Gillette,
Retreat,
ch. 14; C. Vann Woodward,
Reunion and Reaction
(Little, Brown, 1951).

[White Georgian on “negro’s first want”]:
quoted in Litwack, p. 448. This statement is a paraphrase made by a
New York Times
correspondent (see
New York Times,
January 7, 1866, p. 3) who does not name the quoted Georgian.

[One-sided black-planter bargains]: ibid.,
p. 409.

68
[Phillips on the need for a social revolution]:
quoted in McPherson, pp. 370, 373.

[Henry Wilson on freedom]:
quoted in Stampp, p. 88.

[Congressman Hoar on suffrage without education]:
Gillette,
Retreat,
p. 215.

[Phillips on how to make “the negro safe”]:
quoted in Benedict, p. 258.

69
[Stampp on radicals’ lack of knowledge of “sociology of freedom”]:
Stampp, p. 129.

[Gillette on the kind of leadership needed]:
Gillette,
Retreat,
p. 184.

69–70
[The Nation
on governing well]:
quoted in Alan Pendleton Grimes,
The Political Liberalism of the New York Nation
(University of North Carolina Press, 1953), p. 10; see also Edwin Lawrence Godkin,
Problems of Modern Democracy,
Morton Keller, ed. (Harvard University Press, 1966),
passim.

70
[Sumner on human rights as constitutional]:
quoted in Grimes, p. 6.

[Sea Islands land distribution]:
Litwack, pp. 400–407; Willie Lee Rose,
Rehearsal for Reconstruction: The Port Royal Experiment
(Bobbs-Merrill, 1964).

[Black woman and Alabama freedman on freedom]:
quoted in Litwack, pp. 226, 328, respectively.

73
[John Adams on studying politics]:
James Truslow Adams,
The Adams Family
(Little, Brown, 1930), p. 67.

[Charles Francis Adams, Jr.]: Diary
of Charles Francis Adams, Jr., Massachusetts Historical Society; Charles Francis Adams,
An Autobiography
(Houghton Mifflin, 1916); Edward Chase Kirkland,
Charles Francis Adams, Jr.: The Patrician at Bay
(Harvard University Press, 1965).