American Experiment (254 page)

95
[Federal approval]:
Norman E. Tutorow,
Leland Stanford: Man of Many Careers
(Pacific Coast Publishers, 1971), pp. 70, 72.

[Big Four]: ibid.,
pp. 70–75.

[Judah]:
Collection of pamphlets on Theodore Judah, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

[Stanford at GHQ]:
Leland Stanford Correspondence, vol. 3, October 21, 1868, Stanford University Archives.

[Crocker in the field]:
Charles Crocker, “Facts … regarding … identification with the Central Pacific Railroad,” dictated to H. H. Bancroft, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, pp. 49–52.

[Chinese strike]: Alta California,
July 1, 3, 1867; Testimony of Charles Crocker,
Report of
t
he Joint Committee to Investigate Chinese Immigration,
p. 669.

96
[Railroad rivalry]:
John Debo Galloway,
The First Transcontinental Railroad
(Simmons-Boardman, 1950), p. 88; “The Last Spike,” pamphlet (not dated), Bancroft Library,University of California, Berkeley; Testimony of Leland Stanford, Pacific Railway Commission, vol. 5, p. 2523; Strobridge Testimony, Pacific Railway Commission, vol. 5, pp.2580–81; General Grenville M. Dodge (chief engineer of the Union Pacific Railway),”How We Built the Union Pacific Railway,” in Henry Steele Commager and AllanNevins, eds.,
The Heritage of America
(Little, Brown, 1939), pp. 835–37.

[Last spike]:
Dodge, in Commager and Nevins, p. 837; Tutorow, pp. 90, 91, 98.
[“You brag of the East”]:
“What the Engines Said,” in Bret Harte,
Poems
(Fields, Osgood, 1871), pp. 38–39.

[Emerson trip]:
James Bradley Thayer,
A Western Journey with Mr. Emerson
(Little, Brown, 1884; reprinted by Kennikat Press, 1971), pp. 39–43. quoted at p. 42.

97
[Sights of gold mining]:
Thayer, pp. 113–14; Albert D. Richardson,
Beyond the Mississippi: From the Great River to the Great Ocean
(American Publishing, 1867), pp. 391–92.

[Urchins panning gold]:
Charles Nordhoff,
California: A Book for Travellers and Settlers
(Harper & Bros., 1872), pp. 98–99.

[Windmills]:
Thayer, p. 119.

[John Muir]: ibid,
pp. 88–109.

[Traveling south through Central Valley, past land of Spanish and Indians]:
Nordhoff, pp. 119–24, 150–57, 238–45, quoted at pp. 123, 157, 152, 242 respectively.

[Los Angeles market produce]:
Nordhoff, p. 136.

[Railroad in Los Angeles]:
Glenn S. Dumke,
The Boom of the Eighties in Southern California
(Huntington Library, 1944), pp. 19–21.

99
[Shipping]:
Iris Higbie Wilson,
William Wolfskill
(Arthur H. Clarke, 1965), pp. 176–77; Andrew F. Rolle,
California: A History,
2nd ed. (Thomas Crowell, 1969), pp. 359–60.

[Phineas Banning
]: Banning Papers, Huntington Library, San Marino, California; Dumke, pp. 19–20.

100
[“Stanford’s Palace”]:
Tutorow, pp. 206–7.

[Lucy Jones]:
Diary of Lucy S.Jones, 1874–75, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

[Chinatown]:
San Francisco
Alta
(1870), quoted in William N. Camp,
Port of Gold
(Country Life Press, 1947), p. 264; Hubert Howe Bancroft,
History of California
(The History Co., 1890), vol. 7, pp. 336, 340, 691–92, footnote 37.

[Absentee landlords]:
Nordhoff, p. 91.

100–1
[Anti-Chinese agitation and legislation]:
Elmer Clarence Sandmeyer,
The Anti-Chinese Movement in California
(University of Illinois Press, 1973), p. 52; Ira B. Cross,
A History of the Labor Movement in California
(University of California Press, 1935), pp. 74–87.

101
[Democratic planks]:
Sandmeyer, p. 46.

[Anti-Chinese sentiment within labor movement]:
Frederick L. Ryan,
Industrial Relations in the San Francisco Building Trades
(University of Oklahoma Press, 1936), p. 15; Lucile Eaves,
A History of California Labor Legislation
(University of California Press, 1910), pp. 6, 105, quoted in Sandmeyer, p. 40; Cross, pp. 74–75.

[Mass meetings, Workingmen’s Party]:
Sandmeyer, pp. 47, 66.

[Invalidity of constitutional provisions]: ibid.,
p. 74.

[San Francisco’s cultural life]:
Rolle. p. 450; Lucy Jones Diary, Bancroft Library, Franklin Walker,
San Francisco’s Literary Frontier
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1939), pp. 8, 116, 127, 316, 352; Lawrence Ferlinghetti and NancyJ. Peters,
Literary San Francisco
(City Lights Books and Harper & Row, 1980), pp. ix–xi, 29–32, 42–44, 64–66, 75–84.

102
[Carnegie]:
Joseph Frazier Wall,
Andrew Carnegie
(Oxford University Press, 1970),
passim,
Irishman quoted at p. 151.

[
“I can get nae mair work”]:
quoted in Harold C. Livesay,
Andrew Carnegie and the Rise of Big Business
(Little, Brown, 1975), p. 11.

[Carnegie making the trains run]:
Andrew Carnegie,
Autobiography of Andrew Carnegie
(Houghton Mifflin, 1920), pp. 70–72.

[Carnegie burning wrecked freight cars]:
Wall, p. 151.

104
[Carnegie on lime and coke]:
quoted in
ibid.,
p. 342.

[
Wall on Carnegie and cost-cutting]:
Joseph F. Wall, “Andrew Carnegie,” in Garraty,
op. cit.,
p. 176.

[“We were boys together”]: J.
Edgar Thomson, quoted in Livesay, p. 162.

[Growth and economies]: ibid.,
pp. 155–56.

[“Beyond this never earn”]:
quoted in Wall,
Carnegie,
pp. 224–25.

[“Gospel of Wealth”]: ibid.,
pp. 805–15.

[The “other” Carnegie in England]: ibid.,
ch. 14; see also Carnegie, chs. 22–25.

105
[John D. Rockefeller and his family]:
David Freeman Hawke,
John D.
(Harper & Row, 1980), ch. 1.

105–6
[Rockefeller’s youthful enterprises]: ibid.,
p. 12.

[Rockefeller on competition and combination]:
a composite of paragraphs of conversations of John D. Rockefeller with William O. Inglis, quoted in
ibid.,
pp. 153–55.

107
[Philanthropy of Carnegie and Rockefeller]:
Burton J. Hendrick, “Andrew Carnegie,” in Johnson,
Dictionary of American Biography, op. cit.,
vol. 3, p. 505; Wall,
Carnegie,
ch. 22; AllanNevins,
John D. Rockefeller: The Heroic Age of American Enterprise
(Scribner’s, 1941), vol. 2, chs. 48, 49, and p. 712.

[Marxist definition of need]:
Agnes Heller,
The Theory of Need in Marx
(St. Martin’s Press, 1974),
passim.

[Production in the late nineteenth century]:
Edwin Frickey,
Production in the United States: 1860–1914
(Harvard University Press, 1947), especially pp. 7–15 (Table 1); John A. Garraty,
The New Commonwealth, 1877–1890
(Harper & Row, 1968), pp. 82–85.

107
[Manufactured goods index]:
Garraty,
New Commonwealth,
p. 80; see also David A. Wells,
Recent Economic Changes
(D. Appleton, 1899).

108
[Innovation in 1886–95]:
Urdang,
op. at.,
pp. 244–58.

109
[Scientific man versus inventor]:
Edison in Brooklyn
Citizen,
November 4. 1888, quoted in Roberc Conot,
A Streak of Luck
(Seaview Books, 1979), p. 460.

[“My business is
thinking”]:
ibid.,
p. 456.

[Edison as a transitional figure]:
Norbert Wiener,
The Human Use of Human Beings: Cybernetics
a
nd Society
(Houghton Mifflin, 1950), p. 127.

[Philadelphia Centennial Exposition]:
Gies and Gies,
op. cit.,
pp. 3–9; Oliver,
op. cit.,
pp. 300–302; Marshall Davidson,
Life in America
(Houghton Mifflin, 1974). vol. 1, pp. 538–41; J. S. Ingram,
The Centennial Exposition
(Hubbard Bros., 1876).

110
[“Sober black iron monsters”]:
Gies and Gies, p. 7.

[Bell at the Centennial]: ibid.,
pp. 327–28; Bruce,
op. cit.,
p. 197.

[“Centennial Hymn”]: The Complete Poetical Works of John Greenleaf Whittier
(Houghton Mifflin, 1895), p. 234, stanza 1.

111
[Chicago stockyards]:
W.Joseph Grand,
The Illustrated History of the Union Stock Yards, Chicago, Ill.
(Thomas Knapp, 1896); “The Meat Industry of America,”
Scientific American,
vol. 100, no. 4 (January 23, 1909), pp. 84–86 and no. 5 (January 30, 1909), pp. 99–102; Rudolf A. Clemen,
The American Livestock and Meat Industry
(Ronald Press, 1923); Lewis Corey,
Meat and Man
(Viking Press, 1950).

[Everything used but the squeal]:
quoted in Bessie L. Pierce,
A History of Chicago
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1957), vol. 3, p. 123.

[Uses of the cow]:
Finley Peter Dunne, quoted in
ibid.,
vol. 3, p. 124.

112
[Alienation in capitalist production]:
Karl Marx,
Capital,
Samuel Moore and Edward Aveling, trans. (Charles H. Kerr, 1915), p. 708.

[Capital as dead labor]: ibid.,
p. 257.

[Labor robbed of its value]: ibid.,
pp. 202–3.

[Gutman on London]:
Herbert G. Gutman,
Work, Culture, and Society in Industrializing America
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1976), p. 40.

113
[The Chicago rich]:
Wayne Andrews,
Battle for Chicago
(Harcourt, Brace, 1946); Harper Leech and John Charles Carroll,
Armour and His Times
(Appleton-Century, 1938); Pierce,
op. cit.,
vols. 2 and 3; Dixon Wecter,
The Saga of American Society
(Scribner’s, 1937), pp.143–48.

[Armour’s routine]:
Andrews, pp. 86–87, quoted at p. 87.

[Armour on making
money]: quoted in
ibid.,
p. 87.

[Ethics according to
David Harum]: Edward N. Wescott,
David Harum
(D. Appleton, 1899), p. viii.

114
[Elites generally]:
see Frederic Cople Jaher, ed.,
The Rich, The Well Born, and the Powerful
(University of Illinois Press, 1973); Frederic Cople Jaher, “Nineteenth Century Elites in Boston and New York,”
Journal of Social History,
vol. 6, no. 1 (Fall 1972), pp. 32–77;Maury Klein and Harvey Kantor,
Prisoners of Progress
(Macmillan, 1976), esp. ch. 7;Gustavus Myers,
History of the Great American Fortunes
(C. H. Kerr, 1909).

[Palmer House]:
Andrews, pp. 75–78, quoted at p. 76.

[McCormick’s fresco]: ibid.,
p. 112.

[Boston elites]:
Cleveland Amory,
The Proper Bostonians
(E. P. Dutton, 1947); Lucius Beebe,
Boston and the Boston Legend
(Appleton-Century, 1935).

[Chicagoans and Mr. Smith]:
Amory, p. 11.

115
[Intermarriage in Boston high society]: ibid.,
p. 20.

[Mrs. Jack Gardner]: ibid.,
ch. 6; Beebe, ch. 17.

[Beacon Hill lady on being “already here”]:
quoted in Amory, p. 23.

115
[Jaher on Brahmin power]:
Jaher, “Nineteenth Century,” p. 60.

116
[Philadelphia elites]:
E. Digby Baltzell,
Philadelphia Gentlemen: The Making of a National Upper Class
(Collier-Macmillan, 1966); Nathaniel Burt,
The Perennial Philadelphians: The Anatomy of an American Aristocracy
(Little, Brown, 1963).

[“Different, aloof and apart”]:
Baltzell, p. 188.

[Pepper on Walnut Street]:
quoted in
ibid.,
p. 185.

117
[New York elites]:
John A. Kouwenhoven,
The Columbia Historical Portrait of New York
(Doubleday, 1953); Lloyd Morris,
Incredible New York
(Random House, 1951); Mrs. John King van Rensselaer.
The Social Ladder
(Henry Holt, 1924).

[McAllister on standards]:
quoted in Klein and Kantor, p. 221.

[The “Four Hundred”]: ibid.,
pp. 225–26; Morris, ch. 12;Ward McAllister,
Society As I Have Found It
(Cassell, 1890).

118
[American society managed by women]:
quoted in Klein and Kantor, p. 231; see also Wecter, ch. 8.

[Ambitious hostesses]:
Klein and Kantor, p. 226.

[The Vanderbilts]:
Wayne Andrews,
The Vanderbilt Legend
(Harcourt, Brace, 1941).

[Vanderbilt, Astor hostilities]: ibid.,
pp. 254–55; Harvey O’Connor,
The Astors
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1941), pp. 195–98.

[Vanderbilt Hyde Park mansion]:
Charles W. Snell,
Vanderbilt Mansion
(National Park Service Historical Series No. 32, 1960).

119
[New Haven class structure]:
Robert E. Dahl,
Who Governs?: Democracy and Power in anAmerican City
(Yale University Press, 1961), Books 1, 2.

[Springfield]:
Michael Frisch,
Town into City: Springfield, Massachusetts, and the Meaning of Community, 1840–1880
(Harvard University Press, 1972).
[Patriarchal chauvinism]:
see O’Connor, pp. 193, 194.

[Details of home life]:
Helen Smith Jordan,
Love Lies Bleeding: The Life in Letters of Mary Abigail Abell
(1979). at Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe; Mary E. Howard, “The Changing Household, 1865–1900,” paper presented to Radcliffe Women’s Archives Workshop, 1952–53, Schlesinger Library; Robert S. Lynd and Helen Merrell Lynd,
Middletown
(Harcourt, Brace, 1929), ch. 12, p. 167 footnote 17; Philip C. Dolce, ed..
Suburbia: The American Dream and Dilemma
(Anchor Books, 1976), pp. 5–7; Earl Lifshey,
The Housewares Story
(National Housewares Manufacturers Association, 1973), pp. 124, 126; Richard Sennett, “Middle-Class Families and Urban Violence: The Experience of a Chicago Community in the Nineteenth Century,” in Stephan Thernstrom and Richard Sennett, eds.,
Nineteenth Century Cities
(Yale University Press, 1969); Doreen Yarwood,
Costume of the Western World
(St. Martin’s Press, 1980).